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EDUCATION, DRAINAGE, AND LIQUOR TRADE IN SWEDEN. 189

may, under the new arrangements, be received at Greenwich, or maintained at other hospitals at the expense of Greenwich funds.

It would seem that the latter course is the most likely one to be adopted, for the Lords of the Admiralty, with whom is the control of Greenwich Hospital, have recently decided that the splendid palace which William raised as a monument to his beloved Mary, and which has been untenanted for six years, shall be appropriated to the purposes of a naval university.

From The Pall Mall Gazette. GORTSCHAKOFF'S SUCCESSOR.

A LETTER from St. Petersburg in the Hamburg Correspondent, speaking of the recent rumors of the approaching resignation of Prince Gortschakoff, says that the advanced age and increasing infirmity of the Prince have for some time made such a contingency probable, and that the Prince himself used to say that he would retire, and devote himself entirely to his favourite classical studies, "as soon as his work was done." What he meant by this is not quite clear; some supposed that he alluded to the removal of the restrictions imposed upon Russia by the Treaty of Paris, others ironically added that he wished to remain in office until his son, Prince Michael was provided for. Both events have now taken place. The London protocol has secured the freedom of Russia on the Black Sea, and Prince Michael has been promoted from the secretaryship of the embassy at Berlin to the post of Minister Plenipotentiary and Envoy Extraordinary in Switzerland: Yet Prince Gortschakoff is still Foreign Minister; the inference is that his "work," whatever it may be, is not yet accomplished. There is no doubt, however, that is tenure of office is coming to an end, and the question of the appointment of his successor has been much debated at the Russian Court. The Candidate of the National party is General Ignatieff, the ambassador at Constantinople; but he has become "impossle" since the Franco-German war, as the Emperor will not hear of an anti-German policy, and the general bas repeatedly given evidence of bitter hostility to Germany. The articles from Constantinople published by the Moscow Gazette at the time of the Gastein Conferences, which were obviously intended to excite the mistrust and hostility of the

Russian Government in regard to Prince Bismarck and the Austro-German alliance, were, says, the Correspondent, "directly inspired by General Ignatieff, and aimed at nothing less than a change of policy opposed to the conqueror and favourable to the conquered of Sedan." So long as the present Emperor lives, a rupture with the Berlin Court is not to be thought of, and our Panslavist dreamers must refrain even from uttering the name of their favorite (who is called at the Porte by the very uncomplimentary epithet of "the father of lies") at the Russian Court. The socalled Conservatives, on the other hand, have for some years favoured the candidature of M. Valouyeff, which is also supported by Counts Schouvaloff I. and II. (the Court Marshal, and his son, the Minister of Police), the Minister of Finance M. de Reutern, the Minister of Justice, Count Pahlen, and other members of the "Moderate" party. M. Valouyeff is known as a very able, highly-cultivated, industrious, and moderate statesman. He was violently attacked by the National party (which afterwards succeeded in procuring his withdrawal from the Ministry in 1838) for having opposed the system of persecution adopted in Poland after the last insurrection; but the Emperor seems now to have repented his former treatment of M. Valonyeff, and by way of reparation has given him the post of Minister of the Crown Domains. It is generally understood that this appointment is only a provisional one, and that M. Valouyeff, in order to prepare himself for the portfolio of foreign affairs, will shortly be sent to London as ambassador in the place of Count Brunnow. "If," concludes the Correspondent, "M. Valouyeff becomes Foreign Minister which is looked upon in well-informed circles as certain this will be an additional guarantee of peace and of friendly relations with Germany so long as Alexander II. lives. Valouyeff has never made any secret of his opinion that the German alliance is the safest and the most appropriate, and that no countenance should be given to Panslavist dreams."

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LIVINGSTONE.

From Nature.

primary gratuitous school, or to a private | shops in its environs or limit their number. certificated school, and there be kept for No brandy is allowed to be sold on credit six or seven years, or until he or she has ac- or to persons who are intoxicated or are quired a competent knowledge of reading, under adult age. The revenue accruing writing, arithmetic, the catechism, the his- from the tax on the retail trade and the tory and geography of their own country, licenses is divided between the parish and the rudiments of natural history, general the country. In Gothenberg a society history, and geography. This applies to formed for the promotion of sobriety has the primary schools, but there are likewise | farmed the brandy shops in the city and higher grammar, technical, and industrial suburbs with excellent effect. They are in schools, so that in these respects the work- fact transformed into respectable eatinging classes are far better and more gener- houses most carefully provided and looked ally instructed than our own. It is proba- after by the society. In consequence of bly as much owning to good teaching as these and other regulations, payment of to natural capacity that the Swedish me- wages on the Friday night, &c., the dechanic bears such a high character for crease of drunkenness in Sweden within skill, solidity of work, and careful construc- the last six years has been remarkable, tion. For the first time we find it stated and there has been a visible progress in that though English artisans are employed the moral and social condition of the and work a shade more quickly, their people. workmanship does not differ from that turned out by the natives. What we understand by trade unions have only recently been formed, and to a limited extent, but co-operative societies and "associations for production" are very common. In Stockholm and Gothenberg the rate of DR. LIVINGSTONE is one of those men, mortality is respectively 23 and 21 per becoming scarcer now in these nervous 1,000, which is remarkably low, but then days of hurry and excitement, who do drainage, according to our ideas, is there what they put their hands to with all their unknown. The hard rock on which Stock- might. He went to Africa to discover cerholm stands made the cutting of sewers so tain regions then unknown, and especially costly that the idea was given up, and the to determine the extent and character of authorities now congratulate themselves the great catchment basins on the eastern on the result. All refuse is taken away side of the continent. His object was not within a few hours, and is immediately solely, or even chiefly, the advancement of converted into excellent agricultural ma- geographical knowledge. In his eyes genure. The staff of scavengers is complete ography is only a means to an end. He and efficient, and no cesspools or accumu- hopes, through an extension of the knowllations of decomposing matter are toler-edge of the interior of Africa, to call forth ated for a moment. Thus the rivers are a spirit which may be the means of securkept fresh and free of pollution, the supplying the great objects of his life - the exof drinking water is abundant and excel- tinction of the slave trade, and a permalent, while noxious smells are naturally nent improvement in the condition of the very rare. In Gothenberg a system of negro race. underground drainage for superficial water has been well executed, some of the low and marshy land in the environs has been artificially drained, and dressed with the dried manure alluded to mixed with lime, and is now in a high state of cultivation. The liquor trade is regulated as follows: -The two beverages in use in Sweden are made in the country-brandy and beer. But while public-houses for the sale or consumption of beer are well inspected and numerous, the brandy shops for consumption on the premises are greatly restricted, pay a heavy license duty, and are under very strict regulations. A permissive Act exists by which a parish or town can either entirely prohibit the licensing of brandy

Some six years ago Dr. Livingstone landed at the mouth of the Rovuma, and disappeared from the knowledge of European seekers for news. Then there came a wild report of his murder, and staunch old Sir Roderick sent out an expedition, under Mr. Young, to Lake Nyassa, which successfully performed its mission, and gave us the assurance that the report was false and that Livingstone was alive. All this while the great traveller was toiling steadily at his appointed task, and had completed the solution of one great geographical question, namely, that of the northern limits of the basin of the Zambesi river. Another long period elapsed, and once more a letter was received from

Ujiji, on the banks of Lake Tanganyika, | stone, since he landed at the mouth of the announcing the progress of the work. Rovuma, is more important, if possible, Having cleared up the problems relating than the first. His first discovery was the to Lake Nyassa, Livingstone had ascended north-eastern water-parting of the Zamhighlands which form the water-parting besi. His second, the tidings of which between the Zambesi and another great system of rivers and lakes to the north. He had been in a land where the vegetation was saturated with moisture- a land unlike all previously-conceived ideas of this part of Africa The work was beginning to tell upon him. He described himself as a mere " bag of bones." But he gave no sign of faltering in his purpose. His great discovery was not half achieved, and the time for rest was still distant. His will was unsubdued; his life-work must be completed before he could turn aside to be refreshed; and thus he disappeared again.

arrived by telegram last week, is the limits of the great basin of Lake Tanganyika, and that a vast and separate system intervened between the basins of the Nile and the Zambesi. The discovery of the basin of Tanganyika, extending from about 3° to 10° S. latitude, and 27° to 39° E. longitude (or 700 miles long by about 450) is the last and not the least important of Livingstone's discoveries. It would appear, from the telegram, that the great explorer traced the chain of lakes and the streams which flow from them, until he discovered that all the waters found their outlet in the Tanganyika. He then, it Years passed away - first one, then would appear, visited the northern end of another and another, and for a third time the lake, and found that the rivers still the anxiety of the country began to in- flowed into it. The waters of the lake crease. For Britain still cares for and are fresh; and it is, therefore, to be inwatches over her great sons. The indom-ferred that the lake has an outlet. itable yet unostentatious resolution of this grand old man has touched the heart of the nation to its very core. Sir Roderick Murchison died in the full hope and expectation of soon receiving tidings of his friend. No truer nor more steadfast friend ever lived; and the news of Sir Roderick's death will be the saddest words that Livingstone has heard since he lost his brave wife in the wilds of the Zambesi. Then it began to be felt that it would be wrong to wait longer. Our patience was exhausted; an appeal was made to the country which was warmly and munificently answered; Lieut. Dawson left this country in command of a search expedition, reached Zanzibar, and proceeded without delay to make preparations for his march into the interior.

Livingstone now knows the southern, western, northern, and north-eastern sides of the lake. The south-eastern side alone remains to be explored, and there, if anywhere, the great outlet for its waters must be. That outlet must be discovered and examined before Livingstone's great achievement is ended; and thither, therefore, he will now proceed.

We already have some knowledge of the river which, as it would now seem, flows from Lake Tanganyika to the sea. Mr. Desborough Cooley, in 1841, gave the information obtained from an intelligent Sawahili named Khamis bin Othman, who came to London in 1835. This man had travelled up the ravine of a river named Lufiji, from its mouth due west of the island of Monfia (south of Zanzibar) to its source in the lake. Nearly half a century ago, when Captain Owen was making a

The rest of the story must be gathered from the telegrams which have arrived from Bombay and Aden within the pres-running survey of part of the East Coast ent week. News, it seems, came down, to Zanzibar last May, that Livingstone was alive, that he had reached Kazeb, on the road between Lake Tanganyika and the coast; but that he declined to return home until his work was completed. In those years of enforced silence, during which his letters had been intercepted by Arab slave traders, he had been working hard. He had completed one more great discovery; but still the work was not all done, and he would not come home. All honour to this man of iron will and unchanging purpose!

The second great discovery of Living

of Africa, he was off the mouths of this river Lufiji, and they are shown on his chart, published in 1825, though Mr. Cooley and Captain Burton appear to have overlooked them. But Captain Burton, in his exhaustive paper on these lake regions, has shown that the Lufiji is the same river as the Rua or Ruaha, though he says that the source is unknown. It will be found on the maps to the east of the south end of Lake Tanganyika. It must not be confused with another Rua, mentioned by Livingstone to the west of Lake Tanganyika, and north of Lake Moero. The sentence in Lieutenant Dawson's telegram,

"Underground village next attracts Liv- all fears have been dispelled, again we ingstone's attention," has, perhaps, been get a glimpse of this true knight-errant satisfactorily explained by Colonel Grant. and again we find him steadfastly workHe gathered, from the intelligence he and Captain Speke obtained in the country, that the waters of the Tanganyika force their way through a rent in the mountains, at the south-eastern extremity of the lake, and that under the river there is a natural tunnel. This tunnel was described to Colonel Grant as being two months' march from Unyanyembeh, and as a tunnel made by God, which takes a caravan from sunrise to noon to march through it. An unfordable river, with rocky cliffed sides, flows over the tunnel at right angles with Lake Tanganyika. This river is now supposed, on apparently good grounds, to be the Ruaha of Burton, and the Lufiji whose mouths are shown on Captain Owen's chart.

We now learn that Livingstone has reached Unyanyembeh, that stores are being sent up to him as rapidly as possible in charge of his son, and that he will march southward to explore this Ruaha or Lufiji river, this mighty outlet of the great system of waters that he has discovered, with its lofty cliffs and alleged natural tunnel. Thus, for the third time,

ing at the task he set himself to do six years ago, and which he will not abandon until it is finished. This last section of his labonrs will comprise the complete discovery of the great basin of the Tanganyika, including the collection of accurate information respecting its limits, its varied climates, its productions and capabilities and people, its rivers and lakes, and its outlet to the Indian Ocean. The addition to geographical knowledge will be enormous, and we may well hope that this knowledge will be the means by which a new country will hereafter be opened to European enterprise, and the object of Livingstone's life be attained. If he dies in the midst of his discoveries he may well be envied, for a nobler and more glorious end can hardly be imagined. If, as we all hope and as is more likely, he is spared to return home, and perhaps to watch in his old age the progress of the mighty work which he is now initiating, he will receive a welcome from his countrymen such as few have experienced and fewer still have so justly earned.

A NEW WEAPON FOR THE GERMAN CAVAL- GRAY'S "Elegy in a Country Churchyard RY. It is stated that the cavalry of the Ger- contains 991 words, of which 821 are derived man Empire are likely to be soon provided with from the Anglo-Saxon, 125 from the Latin, 15 new arms, and that there will be other changes from the French, 7 from the Italian, and 23 in their equipment. For the cuirassiers of the from the Greek. It would, however, be a misfirst rank lances are recommended similar to take to accept this, or any other similar test, as those in use in Russia, and the Uhlans will bear conclusive in the matter of the composition of the same weapon. It is also intimated that the English language. The fact is that the artithe whole of the cavalry will be supplied with cles, pronouns, prepositions, and auxiliary verbs firearms of long range because the sword has occur over and over again in any bit of English been found insufficient, and the cavalry ought, composition; but Thommerel, who examined it is thought to be made capable of fighting on every word in the dictionaries of Webster and foot-as, for instance, when they are destined Robertson, demonstrated that there are, really, to capture a village. Of course the opinions of 13,330 Teutonic words in the English language, the Cavalry Commission must pass through against nearly 30,000 which can either mediateseveral further phases before they are carriedly or immediately be traced to a Latin source. out. In the end everything of this kind is determined by the Emperor; so that mere projects cannot be counted upon as even probable facts. Public Opinion.

In regard to its words, therefore, English must be classed with the Romanee or neo-Latin dialects with French, Italian, and Spanish.

Public Opinion.

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