APPENDIX TO CHAPTER 6.

I venture to add here a few bible reminiscences, to which, so far as I am aware, attention has not yet been drawn:

1) Caliban: .... "I'll yield him thee asleep,
"Where thou mayst knock a nail into his head."

(Temp., III, 11, 68.)

This has always reminded me of the horrible assassination of Sisera by Jael. See Judges, IV, 21.

Deborah, another heroine of this chapter, is mentioned in 1. Henry VI., Act I, 11, 105.

11) The prophetic words uttered by Archbishop Cranmer regarding the royal infant, Elizabeth, (Henry VIII., Act V, sc. 5) call up to my mind. Simeon's prophecies of Christ, see Luke, II.

111) "Elb. Marry, sir, by my wife; who, if she had been a woman "cardinally given, might have been accused in fornication, adultery, "and all uncleanliness there." (Meas. f. M., II, 1, 80.)

Comp. Galat. V, 19.

IV) "Withhold thine indignation, mighty heaven,
"And tempt us not to bear above our power!"

Comp. 1. Corinth., X, 13.

(King John, V, vi, 37.)

v) "Thou god of this great vast, rebuke these surges."

(Pericles, III, I, 1.)

Comp. Matth., VIII, 26; Mark, IV, 39; Luke, VIII, 24.
Other allusions like

"thou scarlet sin" (Henry VIII., III, 11, 255);

"If then the tree may be known by the fruit, as the fruit by the tree" (1. Henry IV., Act II, iv, 470)—

etc., etc., are easily recognized by everybody.

CHAPTER 7.

SHAKESPEARE'S EARTH AND HEAVEN.

SECTION 1.-NEW AND STRANGE

LANDS AND BOOKS AND TALES ABOUT THEM, AS REFLECTED IN SHAKESPEARE'S DRAMAS.

While considering Shakespeare's relations to the contemporary OCEANIC LITERATURE and BOOKS OF TRAVEL, I felt that the subject-matter demanded a less superficial treatment than a mere enumeration of his probable and possible sources. The present section thus took shape, while the remaining portion of the chapter suggested itself as a natural complement, though I am conscious that some of the matter goes rather beyond the limits of my theme.

I desire first to take notice of Shakespeare's references and allusions to the new discovered lands, which attracted so vast an amount of attention in Elizabeth's reign, famous for its maritime exploits and enterprizes, which led to the founding of Britain's great colonial Empire and her rule of the waves. For our present purpose it is sufficient to make mere mention of the names of Drake, Cavendish, Frobisher, Davis, and Ralegh, not to forget the Earl of Southampton, the poet's patron, who took an active share in the work of colonization.

1

This age of maritime discovery and enterprize found an able chronicler and geographer in RICHARD HAKLUYT, whose great work, "The Principall Navigations, Voiages, and Discoveries of the English Nation", appeared in 1589, and, edited anew, in 1598-1600. This compilation contains a great variety of accounts of naval feats and explorations

of Englishmen, exclusive for the most part of the deeds of other nations. So that it forms a fit complement to the works of Peter Martyr, Oviedo, Gomara, Ramusio, etc., extracts from whose volumes. had been given in an English dress by RICHARD EDEN.'

From the lips of travellers and other men, from works like those of Hakluyt, Eden, etc., from tracts and pamphlets, Shakespeare could derive all necessary information relative to the discoveries and the new lands.

MAGELLAN'S CIRCUMNAVIGATION OF THE EARTH.

In 'The Tempest' (I, II, 372) Caliban says of Prospero:
his art is of such power,

It would control my dam's god, Setebos.

In Act V, 1, 261, we find the name Setebos mentioned again.

It was Farmer, who first suggested that Shakespeare had got this name from The History of Travayle in the West and East Indies, etc., 1577, by RICHARD EDEN, the pioneer of British Oceanic Literature and forerunner of the more famous Hakluyt. This work is merely a new and enlarged edition of Eden's Decades of the newe worlde or west India, 1555, which 'made to the English public the first really 'collective presentation of the results of the maritime enterprize of 'that time'. This compilation has been re-edited by Edward Arber in his volume "The first Three English books on America" (1885), from which I quote the following passages:

Departynge frome hense, they sayled to the. 49. degree and a halfe under the pole Antartyke: where beinge wyntered, they were inforced to remayne there for the space of two monethes, all which tyme they sawe no man except that one daye by chaunce they espyed a man of the stature of a giante, who came to the haven daunsyng and syngynge, and shortly after seemed to cast dust over his heade. The capitayne [i. e. MAGELLAN] sente one of his men to the shore with the shyppe boate, who made the lyke signe of peace. The which thynge the giante seinge, was owt of feare and came with the capitaynes servaunte to his presence into a lyttle Ilande. When he sawe the capitayne with certeyne of his coompany abowte hym, he was greatly amased and made signes holdynge uppe his hande to heaven, signifyinge therby that owre men came from thense 2 This giante was so bygge, that the heade of one of owr men of a meane stature, came but to his waste. He was of good corporature and well made

1 The Decades of the Newe Worlde.

2 cf. Tempest, II, 1, 140, Cal: "Hast thou not dropp'd from heaven?"

in all the partes of his bodie, with a large vysage paynted, with dyvers coloures, but for the most parte yelowe. Uppon his cheekes were paynted two hartes, and redde circles abowt his eyes. The heare of his headde was coloured whyte, and his apparell was the skynne of a beaste sowde togyther.

[Later on] there came foure other giantes, without any weapons, but had hydde theyr bowes and arrowes in certeyne busshes. The capitayne reteyned two of these which were youngest and beste made. He tooke them by a deceyte in this maner, that gyvynge them knyves, sheares, lookynge glasses, belles, beades of crystall, and such other tryfels, he so fylled theyr handes that they coulde hold no more. Then caused two payre of shackels of iren to bee put on theyr legges, makynge signes that he wold also gyve them those chaynes: which they lyked very wel by cause they were made of bryght and shynynge metal. And wheras they could not cary them bycause theyr handes were full, the other gyantes wolde have caryed them: but the Capitayne wolde not suffer them. When they felte the shakels faste abowte theyr legges, they begunne to doubte: but the Capitayne dyd put them in comforte and badde them stande styll. In fine when they sawe how they were deceaved they rored lyke bulles and cryed uppon theyr greate devyll Setebos to helpe them...

They say that when any of them dye, there appere. X. or XII. devyls leapynge and daunsynge about the bodye of the deade, and seeme to have theyr boddyes paynted with dyvers colours. And that amonge other, there is one seene bygger then the residue, who maketh great mirth and reioysynge. This greate devyll they caule Setebos, and caule the lesse Cheleule. One of these giantes which they toke, declared by signes that he had seene devyls with two hornes above theyr heades, with longe heare downe to theyr feete: And that they cast furth fyre at theyr throtes both before and behynde. The Capitayne named these people Patagoni. One of the giants remained some months with Magellan.

On a tyme, as one made a crosse before him and kyssed it, shewynge it unto hym, he suddeynely cryed Setebos, and declared by signes that if they made any more crosses, Setebos wold enter into his body and make him brust.

(Arber, ut sup., p. 251–2.)

The Patagonian giants may thus be looked upon as the remote ancestors of our Caliban. Malone suggested that Shakespeare took the names of Alonso, Ferdinand, Sebastian, Antonio, Gonzalo, and Francisco from Eden. This is probable, though these and other names of the dramatis personae in the Tempest would be fairly common in countries like Italy and Spain.

The passages quoted above are taken from a chapter entitled: 'A briefe Declaration of the Vyage or Navigation made abowte the Worlde. Gathered owt of a large Booke wrytten hereof by Master Antonie Pygafetta Vincentine, Knyght of the Rhodes and one of the coompanye of that vyage in the which, Ferdinando Magalianes a Portugale (whom sum caule Magellanus) was generall Capitayne of the navie'. Shakespeare's knowledge of the story of the first circumnavigation of our globe by Fernão de Magalhães (Magellan), undoubtedly the greatest of ancient and modern navigators, thus seems. to be proven.

In 'As You Like It', III, 11, 207, Rosalynd is made to say:One inch of delay more, is a South-sea of discoverywhich means: The least delay is to me as tediously long, as the wide Pacific to the discoverer. Possibly Shakespeare had in view Magellan's voyage of discovery across this vast expanse of water, who was the first that ever burst into that silent sea.

What the Patagonian word Setebos (which Pigafetta may have possibly misinterpreted) means, I have not been able to make out. Perhaps some American linguist may help us here. Meanwhile it is curious to note that Setebos (or Setibos) is the name of an aboriginal Indian tribe on the heights of Peru. Whether this coincidence is a matter of pure accident or not, I cannot tell.

2

3

In conclusion, I add a short bibliographical note. Eden's Narrative of Magellan's voyage is based upon the account to be found in Ramusio's "Navigationi et Viaggi" (vol. 1. 1550). This Italian account had already appeared in print in 1536 in a quarto volume entitled "Il viaggio fatto da gli Spagnivoli atorno a'l mondo", the second part of which gives a mere translation of Jacques Fabre's abridged French version, "Le Voyage et Navigation, faict par les Espaignolz es Isles de Mollucques", etc. (Paris, circa 1525), which is based upon an Italian MS. account by Pigafetta. A complete or an original Italian edition of Pigafetta was never published till 1800. Pigafetta's full

1 See post, Addenda and Corrigenda. (A list of old Patagonian words preserved by Pigafetta is to be found in the 52nd vol. published by the Hakluyt Soc., p. 62.)

2 cf. La Grande Encyclopédie, XXVI, p. 449; Encycl. Brit., XVIII, p. 677. 3 As to Eden's Life and Labours, see Arber, ut sup., p. XXXVII ff. The article in the Dict. of N. Biogr. is inaccurate.

Anders, Shakespeare's books.

15