not the bridge-(Merchant); Verona, Veronessa (Two Gentlemen, The Shrew, Romeo, Othello).

On the opposite side of the Adriatic is Illyria (Twelfth Night). Messaline mentioned in Twelfth Night is a name of place unknown. in Geography.'

IN CONCLUSION.

In the dramas dealing with English History the scene is of course on English or French soil. The Geography is therefore the same as in the Chronicles. In Macbeth the scene is Scotland and England. In King Lear we are in old Britain, which, too, is partly the locale of Cymbeline. The dramas based on Plutarch, as well as Titus Andronicus, Com. of Errors, Troilus, and Pericles take us to classic ground. In seven of the rest of the dramas pronouncedly romantic the scene is Italy, in two (Love's Lab. L., As You Like It) France, in Twelfth Night Illyria, in Hamlet Denmark, in Meas. for Measure the German Empire, in The Merry Wives England. The Prospero-Island of the Tempest is some undefined isle in the Mediterranean. The Winter's Tale takes us both to Sicily and Bohemia; Cymbeline to Britain and Italy; Othello to Italy and Cyprus; All's Well to France and Italy.

1 Of the rest of the countries of Europe I offer only the arithmetical totals of geographical names here:-Islands of the Mediterranean: 5 names;-France: circa 50;-German Empire: 13;-The Netherlands: 8;-Denmark, Norway, Iceland: 4;-Spain, Portugal: 5;—Turkey, Greece: 7-Switzerland, Hungary, Poland, Russia, Lapland: 8. So far I have treated modern Geography. Of Antique Geography (both European and non-European) I count 117 names.

For Information on Europe in Shakespeare's time, see Fynes Moryson's "Itinerary", 1617. Extracts from the Fourth Part (never printed before) of this Itinerary were published by Mr. Hughes, under the title of "Shakespeare's Europe". 1903.

APPENDIX TO CHAPTER 7.

1.-A NOTE ON MAPS AND GLOBES.

"THE NEW MAP."

Twelfth Night (Act III, sc. 11, 84-86) contains a distinct allusion to a certain contemporary map:

Malvolio, we are told, "does smile his face into more lines than is in "the new map with the augmentation of the Indies".

To begin with, what is meant by 'more lines', 'augmentation', and 'the Indies'?

The many lines undoubtedly point to a map crossed with loxodromes or rhumb-lines, characteristic of so many early maps, especially of charts. The map, therefore, must have been on the cylindrical projection [i. e., a map on Mercator's projection, or a map on the 'equidistant cylindrical projection', or a compass map, which would belong to this class too], which alone admits of the straight rhumbs.

The words 'augmentation' and 'the Indies' are best explained by the following part of a title of a treatise by Thomas Blundevile: "A plaine and full description of Petrus Plancius his universall Map, serving both for Sea and Land, and by him lately put forth in the yeare of our Lord. 1592. In which Mappe are set downe many more places, aswell of both the Indies as of Afrique, . . . . then are to be found eyther in Mercator his Mappe, or in any other moderne Mappe whatsoever" M. Blundevill . . .

1594... London. 1

1 Plancius's map, designed to supersede Mercator's famous map of 1569, is unhappily lost. From Blundevile's description and from a notice in the Dutch State papers (see De Jonge, 'Opkomst', I, 167) we know that the map had on it rhumbs. Though it was nine years old in 1601, I at one time thought that it was Shakespeare's map. But I am diffident about this now. As a pendant to the above title, I quote another passage from Blundevile (Exercises, 4th ed., p. 514): "the Mappe which covereth M. Molineux his Terrestrial Globe, differeth "greatly from Mercator his terrestial (sic) Globe, by reason that there are found "out divers new places aswell towards the Northpole, as in the East and West "Indies, which were unknowne to Mercator".

Anders, Shakespeare's books.

17

'Indies' I thus take to mean both the Indies, that is to say America generally and the large portion of South-Eastern Asia. Now, both of these parts of the world had made their appearance in the maps of the world long before the end of the sixteenth century. 'Augmentation' cannot therefore mean addition, as the New English Dictionary and Schmidt's Shakespeare Lexicon would make out, but must be equivalent to enlargement, increase.

Various attempts have been made to identify the Shakespearean map. First, in point of time, comes George Steevens, who supposed that Shakespeare alluded to a map of the Eastern Islands, which was contained in Linschoten's Voyages, an English translation of which appeared in 1598. Steevens's explanation is wholly unsatisfactory. By far more plausible is a theory advanced by James Lenox in 1860, and vigorously defended by C. H. Coote in a paper read before the New Shakspere Society, 1878 (Trans. 1877-9, Pt. I, p. 88), and again in the Introduction to the 59th volume published by the Hakluyt Society. Lenox and Coote identify the 'new map' with the map ("a true hydrographical description of so much of the world as hath beene hetherto discovered") contained in several copies of the second edition of Hakluyt's "Principal Navigations", 15981600 (vol. III, 1600), and presumably also published separately.1 There is reason to suppose that Molyneux, Wright, and Hakluyt were the joint constructors of this important map.

The map is multilineal in the extreme and new. New, not only because made about 1599 and giving geographical information up to the knowledge of the time, but because it is laid down upon an improved Mercator-projection, as Mr. Coote points out. It remains to show whether it has the required 'augmentation of the Indies'. As Mr. Coote's arguments bearing on this question have been repeatedly referred to and cited as authoritative, it will be worth while quoting them here again literally. After having stated that he excludes the West Indies from his considerations and having given, what appears to me, a somewhat forced interpretation of the word 'augmentation', he proceeds thus: 2

"Now what was the state of things to be seen upon the eastern "portion of our 'new map' at the close of the 16th century, as compared "with all the best general maps of the world that preceded it? A marked "development in the geography of India proper, then known as the land "of the Mogores or Mogol, the island of Ceylon, and the two peninsulas "of Cochin China, and the Corea. For the first time the distant island of "Japan began to assume its modern shape (this last, by the way, is not

1 A reproduction of this map accompanies the 59th volume published by the Hakluyt Society, and is also contained in A. E. Nordenskiöld's Facsimile Atlas, Tab. L. In the New Shakspere Soc., ut sup., p. 88, the East Indian Archipelago is unfortunately excluded from the section (chiefly Asia) there printed.

2 New Shakspere Soc. ut sup., p. 95.

"to be seen on the map in Linschoten). Turning to the S. E. portion of "the "new map" (unfortunately not shown in the section before you), "there were to be seen traces of the first appearance of the Dutch under "Houtman at Bantam (W. end of Java), synchronizing almost within a "year with that of their fellow-country men in Novya Zembla; and which "within 10 years led to their unconscious discovery or rather rediscovery, "of Australia.

"On all the old maps, including the one of Ortelius's inserted in our "old friend Linschoten, was to be seen the buge Terra Australis of the "old geography. This, as Hallam remarked, had been left out upon our "new map', and in its place was partly to be traced New Holland "[=Australia]. This of course would be suggestive of nothing to the mind "of Shakspere; but what is so remarkable is, that upon our 'new map' "there should have appeared to rise, like a little cloud out of the sea, "like a man's hand, the then unknown continent of Australia.

"It is this appreciation of the marked improvement and development "to be observed in the geography of the eastern portion of our map, to "which I believe Shakspere desired to give expression in his judicious "and happy use of the term 'augmentation"."

These remarks are open to the following criticism. If, as Coote supposes, 'Indies' refer only to the East Indies, he should certainly have taken into consideration not merely maps of the world but also maps of Asia alone. "A marked development in the geography of India proper" and "Ceylon" is non-existent. As early as 1561 Gastaldi had drawn a fairly good map of India in his map of Asia. Compare also the advanced delineations of India in Mercator's Mappemonde (1569), in De Jode's "Asia Partium Orbis Maxima" 1593, and the map of India in Linschoten's Itinerario. Coote's statement, by the way, "India proper, then known as "the land of the Mogores or Mogol" requires to be corrected, as only the northern part of the peninsula was subject to the Mogul. (Compare the Atlases of Metellus, Janson, and Blaeu). The great improvement in the geography of Corea, Cochin China, and Japan on Coote's map is not very noticeable or plain, when we compare maps like Plancius's "Orbis Terrarum Typus" (1594) or (setting aside Corea) De Jode's above mentioned. map of Asia, and the map of South-Eastern Asia (with the islands) in Linschoten's Itinerario, 1595-6, (contained also in the Latin Translation).1

The same remark applies to the delineation of the Malay Archipelago. With regard to Coote's suggestion as to Australia, I think the tract of land, drawn below Java, is nothing more than a remnant of the old

1 The Portuguese possessed excellent manuscript maps of the Malay Archipelago at a much earlier date, as appears from Diego Homen's map in Ruge's Zeitalter der Entdeckungen, p. 535. The maps, however, were kept secret and remained unpublished.

"Terra Australis". What Coote means by the "traces of the first appear"ance of the Dutch under Houtman at Bantam", is difficult to say. Bantam had appeared on maps long before 1600. We have to hear in mind, too, that Coote's map is what it professes to be: a hydrographical map, that is, a chart, on which only coast-names are noted. Coote's map has, indeed, comparatively few names. In the Eastern Archipelago, e. g., (including the Philippines) we find but three and twenty place-names. On Mercator's map of the world (1569) there were twenty-seven on Sumatra alone. Even Plancius's Orbis Terrarum Typus has twenty-four. . But sapienti sat. Whatever may be thought of the map in Hakluyt's work, Mr. Coote's arguments for it require revision. None the less, I would assert that of the extant maps the Hakluyt-map has the best claims to be considered as Shakespeare's "new map". Still, the possibility remains, that the poet may have meant another map now lost. Grau ist alle Theorie, says Goethe. The above map, however, extremely instructive in many respects, is worthy the attention of every friend of Shakespearean geography.'

Το

MAPS IN GENERAL

Shakespeare repeatedly refers in his text, e. g., "Peering in maps for ports "and piers and roads" (Merchant of Ven., I, 1, 19), "All the quarters that "they know I' the shipman's card". (Macb., I, III, 17); "he is the card "or calendar of gentry, for you shall find in him the continent of what "part a gentleman would see". (Hlt., V, 11, 117). Lucrece, 1712; and so forth. In Henry V., Act IV, sc. vII, 25, "maps of the 'orld" are mentioned. In two plays maps are brought on the stage. In 1. Henry IV., Act III, sc. 1, a

MAP OF ENGLAND

is produced by Glendower ("Come, here's the map") for the purpose of pointing out the threefold division of the realm. Hotspur objects to the winding course of the river Trent:

"Methinks my moiety, north from Burton here,

"In quantity equals not one of yours:

"See how this river comes me cranking in", etc.

1 A well known bibliographer, Henry Stevens, evidently not satisfied with the existing theories proposed a third in his Catalogue, 1881, p. 200, where he says: "The writer is half [!] inclined to think that the map 'with the Augmentation "of the Indies', may be the curious little round face-shaped map of the World "in Wytfleit's [sic] "Ptolemæum Augmentum" [I suppose, he means 'Descriptionis "Ptolemaicae Augmentum'] first published in 1597, and reissued in Latin and "French in 1598, 1603, 1607, and 1611, it [what does it refer to ?] being simply "Ptolemy's World Augmented by the addition of the East and West Indies. The