from Affghanistaun, in order to teach some young men Tawarikh (history), and Ylm Illahyath (divinity), Ylm Nujum (astronomy), Mantak (rhetoric), and Falsafee (philosophy). They told me, that the Affghauns were the descendants of Khaleed the son of Waleed, who was by the father's line a Jew, and by the mother's line a Koreish.

Waleed was an inveterate enemy to Mohammed. Mohammed prayed to God the Lord of the worlds, that some of the family of Waleed should be converted. Gabriel appeared to Mohammed and said to him, "Cease to pray, for a giant of the family of Waleed shall turn to Islam." And that giant was Khaleed the son of Waleed, a mighty man, full of truth and integrity. One day a battle was fought against the Koreish. Khaleed lost his way, and got into the midst of the camp of the enemy. The Koreish asked him, "Who art thou?" Khaleed, who never lied, replied, "I am Khaleed, the son of Waleed, a warrior in the army of the Prophet of God; I came to fight against you, and have lost my way." The Koreish, though infidels, were a highminded people; they replied, "There thou wilt find the army of Mohammed, the son of Abd Ullah; soon it will be decided, who are the true Gods." Khaleed, the brave, replied, "God, and nothing but God, and Mohammed the prophet of God!" He swiftly rode off, the battle was fought, the victory gained, and the Koreish fled. Khaleed turned to Keis Abd Alrasheed, the Affghaun, and said to him, “Go and tell the Affghauns in the mountains of Ghor, that the battle is fought, the victory gained, and our brethren of Khaibar and the Koreish are fled; that the temple of Abraham at Mecca is ours, and the people of Arabia in the desert exclaim, "God, and nothing but God, and Mohammed the prophet of God!"

The same Mullahs at Bokhara repeated to me the story, that their language was the language of Hell; and Affghana, who was the architect employed by Solomon in building the temple, had learned that language of the demon who was chained by Solo

mon.

I heard the Affghauns in the caravan-seray of Mullah BedrAddeen sing the following song;

Chorus.

It is Doost Mohammed Khan,

Who has opened the road from Cabool
To Boot-Bamian.

Chorus I and II.

It is Doost Mohammed Khan,

Who subdued Ali Beyk of Seikhan.
It is Doost Mohammed Khan!

It is Doost Mohammed Khan!

After the death of Shah Mahmood, King of the Affghauns, Futteh Khan, Doost Mohammed Khan, Kohandeel Khan, Peer Khan, and Sultan Mohammed, his slaves, rebelled. Futteh Khan, who had taken Heraut, was first blinded, and then killed by Shah Kamran of the old dynasty. Doost Mohammed Khan, his brother, took possession of Cabool. Kohandeel Khan took possession of Candahar with some of his other brothers; and Sultan Mohammed Khan with Peer Khan, of Peshawr. Doost Mohammed Khan is the most clever of the brothers. As my friend, Lieut. Arthur Conolly, has given an exact account of the political change of Affghanistaun, I abstain from doing so.

One of the Affghauns observed, "As soon as the Franks (Engglish) let loose Shoojah Almoolk, there will neither be a Doost Mohammed, nor a Kohandeel Khan, nor a Sultan Mohammed Khan. Affghanistaun must be governed again by a crowned King; we are neither Balkhwee,* nor Hazarah, nor Turkomauns. Hindoostaun has belonged to us, now we are afraid of Runjud Singh, an infidel. Let the Franks give us a King, and we are their humble slaves! The Franks have taken Hindoostaun, not by the sword, but by knowledge, justice and equity; and they shall take the world by knowledge. Let us look at their women at Bombay, with their graceful and high breasts, firm like a wall; and whe know to read and to write."

The oriental people are after all the most clever and extensive travellers in their country. I frequently saw, when travelling in the desert of Egypt, men and women eighty years of age, performing their pilgrimages to Jerusalem. Thus I met here an old Osbek Mullah, who had travelled in Yarkand, China, Tibet, Cashmeer, Calcutta, Bombay, Mecca, Egypt and Constantinople; he went from Bombay to Calcutta in a ship commanded by a Captain Taylor. He desired me to read some portion of the Bible to him, which I did. He observed that I would be received well at Samarcand, "The ornament of the face of the Earth," as it is called.

ARMIES OF THE DIFFERENT KINGS IN TOORKESTAUN.

The King of Bokhara cannot place in the field above 20,000 men, who would mostly consist of cavalry; for though he has 100 cannons, he has no men who know well the use of them.

Balkhwee are Barbarian Nomades, wandering about in the mountains of Hindoo Koosh, between Kholm and Cabool; they are robbers and murderers.

Mohammed Moorad Beyk, King of Kondoz, has not above 12,000 men.

King of Khiva, 30,000 men.

The King of Shahr Sabz, whose name is Yadkar Beyk, son of Attalek, can place 4000 men.

Daniel, King of Kokan, can place 100,000 men.

There are at Bokhara 100 colleges filled with Mullahs: the books they read are, Jelaal, Beidaavee, and all the ancient commentators of the Koran: they take all their Astronomical, Astrological, Medical and Philosophical knowledge from the Koran and its commen

tators.

The Sooffees of Bokhara are quite different from those of Sheeras, and Meshed: those of Sheeras and Meshed are mystical infidels, and antinomians; but the Sooffees of Bokhara strictly believe in the Koran, and try to regulate their life accordingly; they are not addicted to such abominable crimes as the rest of the Mohammedans at Bokhara are, and try to come near to God.

The Kings of Bokhara and Khiva have established order in their capitals, and in their neighbouring territories. The King of Bokhara has established order as far as Balkh, and the King of Khiva throughout his country.

BABA DEEN,

The great Patron Saint of Bokhara, lived some hundred years ago, and was, as the Dervishes explain it, drunk with the love of God, walking about naked in the streets of Bokhara. Baba Deen was highly respected by the King of Bokhara. At present, pilgrimages are performed to him; and the King of Kondoz, notwithwithstanding the deadly enmity he bears to the King of Bokhara, sends every year an offering of rice for Baba Deen at Bokhara.

The memory of this Dervish is highly revered; but the Dervishes now living, are generally hated by the stiff orthodox Mullahs.

In every denomination of religion, there are among its professors two kinds of people: first, those who content themselves with a cold orthodox creed, whilst they do not seek after internal religion, and close communion with God. This is the case among the professors of the Christian religion, and this I found to be the case with the Mohammedans. To the first class, the Mullahs of Bokhara belong; to the second class, the Dervishes of Bokhara, who are generally Sooffees, but of a different character from those of Persia. The Sooffees of Bokhara, are people who really try, as they express themselves, "to come nearer to God," by a moral life, separation from the world, meditation, prayer, and reading the books of other religious sects. Many of them are like Cornelius of Cesarea, whose prayers and alms went up as a memorial before God. These are termed hypocrites by the Mullahs; and as there are some hypocrites among the Bokhara Sooffees, they believe it right to reject the whole sect.

Whilst at Bokhara, I remember having heard a conversation be

tween two Jewesses at the house of one Ruben, a Jew from Meshed. The gossip was precisely of that turn, so common even amongst the fashionable circles of women in Europe, especially in ball rooms; marking out certain ladies of their acquaintance, as assuming a degree of piety and modesty, with which their conduct on some occasions was known not very strictly to accord; observing that they were very gay in their younger days; that one does not become worse by going to balls; that enthusiasm does a vast deal of harm, especially among young people; that many fine, beautiful ladies do not get husbands on that very account. Tell a Turkomaun woman, that a certain lady is of an ancient tribe, and another will instantly relate something to detract from the character of her ancestors. The world is everywhere the same; there is not the least difference between the nature of an unconverted Turkomaun woman, and that of a fashionable lady in high circles of society in England, or like a spinster 36 years of age, anxious to get a husband and jealous of the happy lot of a girl of seventeen years of age.

DEPARTURE FROM BOKHARA.

I prepared for leaving Bokhara. Some of the inhabitants called on me the evening before, and related to me how harshly they had been treated by Tshingis Khan on his arrival in that town.

The King of Bokhara sent me my passport, through an officer of the Custom-house: I have before me the original, of which I give the translation, made by the private Monshee of Lord William Bentinck, Governor General in India, when at Simlah.

"The high order has been issued, that Joseph Wolff, the Englishman, return to his country. It is therefore ordered, that no one shall detain or molest him on his road. This command is to be executed. Bokhara, Shabaan 1247. Hegira."

March 21.-Goosh-Bekee sent for the chief of the caravan and for Yehoodah Cashi, a Jew from Balkh, who were leaving Bokhara for that place. He particularly recommended me to their protection, and I set out with them; three more Jews joined us on the road. I proclaimed the Gospel of Christ to Yehoodah Cashi from Balkh.

March 22.-We made about 28 English miles in the desert.

March 23.-Again 28 miles through the desert. A Mullah from Balkh, and some of the servants of Aishaun Khoja, Governor of Balkh, who were our travelling companions, shewed me very great attention. There were people from Ankhoy and Cabool in the caravan. I never remained with the caravan, but always rode on before with the Mullah from Balkh, who spoke Arabic, and became my great friend.

March 24.-I arrived at Jendeer. This village is inhabited by Turkomauns, subject to the King of Bokhara. We stopt there till March 26.-When we arrived in the evening among the Kara Turkomauns, they came out to touch my Bible, for which they have a great veneration. Here we arrived at the banks of the Oxus, called "Labbe Darya,” (Lip of the sea.)

March 30.-We crossed again the Oxus, and arrived at Kirkee, inhabited by Tatshik, and governed by a covetous Governor; but the Mullah of Balkh, whose name is Mullah Khoja Rooshnay, said to me, "First, we became friends together; after this, I became your brother, and therefore I shall assist you that you may escape the attention of the Governor." He took me into his room, where I stopt quietly until we left the place; in the evening I read to him, at his request, some portions of the Gospel.

In the evening, the merchants of Cabool came to me, and asked me whether I was in want of money; for they readily would give it to me, and I might pay it back to them at Cabool. I shewed Mullah Khoja Rooshnay my firman from the Sultan of Constantinople: he performed pilgrimage to it;* for the Sultan of Constantinople stands in high veneration at Toorkestaun: he is considered as the Khaleefa, Successor of Mohammed.

April 3.-We made again 30 English miles, and slept in a sandy desert.

April 4.-We made again 30 English miles, and slept in the desert; when we were alarmed with a report, that the Kadaghan, a tribe under Mohammed Moorad Beyk of Kondoz, had invaded the territory of Balkh; but it proved to be false.

Myself, the Mullah, the Jew, and my servant, rode on swiftly before the caravan, and arrived at Balkh on the seventh day of April. We rode 80 miles in two days.

ARRIVED AT BALKH.

April 7.-I arrived at Balkh, the mother of cities, and lodged with Mullah Yehoodah Cashi, the Jew, my fellow traveller, in the Jewish quarter, which is closed in by a gate, and shut up on a Sabbath day. Both chief Rabbis Mullah Benjamin Cashi, for whom I had a letter from the Jews of Meshed, and Mullah Simha called on me. I entered with them into an argument about Jesus Christ the very first hour of my arrival: they desired the Gospel in Hebrew, but alas, I had it not to give them. I promised to send it to them after my arrival in India. Mullah Yehoodah Cashi behaved very badly to me, for which he was reproved by the Rabbis: he first put me into a most filthy apartment; but when he saw that I wanted to go to the caravan-seray, he gave me a very nice room up stairs: he actually gave me nothing to eat, except some Indian corn, and cheated me as much as he could. My servant told me after this, that Yehoodah Cashi had told him, that he would try to get rid of me as soon as possible, in order that I may not infect the Jews with my doctrine; and that he believed he should be doing an acceptable thing before God, to cheat me as much as he could; for I was a heretic, and not a real Jew.

* "Perform the Pilgrimage to it," an expression used in Toorkestaun, for conveying the idea of their performance of devotion to some holy thing; just as they do to the holy things on their pilgrimage to Mecca, or to the tomb of Shahe Merdaan, i. e. Ali at Mazaur.