in all; and, indeed, making so little account of artificial distinctions, that whether his congregation were gentle or simple, peasants or prebends, city or village, Paley would give them the very same sermon in the very same words. Let us not make him a politician against his will, and against the general evidence of his life and pursuits. In his serious hours he was occupied, abundantly occupied, in concerns for a clergyman more appropriate, and for any man more weighty.

'He never seemed to know,' says his son, that he deserved the name of a politician, and would probably have been equally amused at the grave attempts made to draw him into, or withdraw him from any political bias.'-Life, p. 191.

He would employ himself in his Natural Theology, and then gather his peas for dinner, very likely gathering some hint for his work at the same time. He would converse with his classical neighbour, Mr. Yates, or he would reply to his invitation that he could not come, for that he was busy knitting. He would station himself at his garden wall, which overhung the river, and watch the progress of a cast-iron bridge in building, asking questions of the architect, and carefully examining every pin and screw with which it was put together. He would loiter along a river, with his angle-rod, musing upon what he supposed to pass in the mind of a pike when he bit, and when he refused to bite; or he would stand by the sea-side, and speculate upon what a young shrimp could mean by jumping in the sun.

• With the handle of his stick in his mouth, he would move about his garden in a short hurried step, now stopping to contemplate a butterfly, a flower, or a snail, and now earnestly engaged in some new arrangement of his flower-pots."

He would take from his own table to his study the back-bone of a hare or a fish's head; and he would pull out of his pocket, after a walk, a plant or stone to be made tributary to an argument. His manuscripts were as motley as his occupations; the workshop of a mind ever on the alert: evidences mixed up with memorandums for his will; an interesting discussion brought to an untimely end by the hiring of servants, the letting of fields, sending his boys to school, reproving the refractory members of an hospital; here a dedication, there one of his children's exercises-in another place a receipt for cheap soup. He would amuse his fireside by family anecdotes:-how one of his ancestors (and he was praised as a pattern of perseverance) separated two pounds of white and black pepper which had been accidentally mixed-' patiens pulveris,? he might truly have added; and how, when the Paley arms were wanted, recourse was had to a family tankard which was supposed

to

to bear them, but which he always took a malicious pleasure in insisting had been bought at a sale

'Hæc est

Vita solutorum miserâ ambitione gravique;'

the life of a man far more happily employed than in the composition of political pamphlets, or in the nurture of political discontent. Nay, when his friend Mr. Carlyle is about going out with Lord Elgin to Constantinople, the very head-quarters of despotism, we do not perceive, amongst the multitude of most characteristic hints and queries which Paley addresses to him, a single fling at the Turk, or a single hope expressed that the day was not very far distant when the Cossacks would be permitted to erect the standard of liberty in his capital.

I will do your visitation for you (Mr. Carlyle was chancellor of the diocese), in case of your absence, with the greatest pleasure—it is neither a difficulty nor a favour.

'Observanda-1. Compare every thing with English and Cumberland scenery: e. g., rivers with Eden, groves with Corby, mountains with Skiddaw; your sensations of buildings, streets, persons, &c. &c.; e. g., whether the Mufti be like Dr. the Grand Seignior,

Mr.

2. Give us one day at Constantinople minutely from morning to night-what you do, see, eat, and hear.

3. Let us know what the common people have to dinner; get, if you can, a peasant's actual dinner and bottle: for instance, if you see a man working in the fields, call to him to bring the dinner he has with him, and describe it minutely.

4. The diversions of the common people; whether they seem to enjoy their amusements, and be happy, and sport, and laugh; farmhouses, or any thing answering to them, and of what kind; same of public-houses, roads.

5. Their shops; how you get your breeches mended, or things done for you, and how (i. e. well or ill done); whether you see the tailor, converse with him, &c.

6. Get into the inside of a cottage; describe furniture, utensils, what you find actually doing.

All the stipulations I make with you for doing your visitation is, that you come over to Wearmouth soon after your return, for you will be very entertaining between truth and lying. I have a notion you will find books, but in great confusion as to catalogues, classing, &c.

7. Describe minutely how you pass one day on ship-board; learn to take and apply lunar, or other observations, and how the midshipmen, &c. do it.

8. What sort of fish you get, and how dressed. I should think your business would be to make yourself master of the middle Greek. My compliments to Buonaparte, if you meet with him, which I think

is very likely. Pick up little articles of dress, tools, furniture, especially from low life-as an actual smock, &c.

9. What they talk about; company.

10. Describe your impression upon first seeing things; upon catching the first view of Constantinople; the novelties of the first day you pass there.

In all countries and climates, nations and languages, carry with you the best wishes of, dear Carlyle,

Your affectionate friend,

'W. PALEY.'

Such was Paley. A man singularly without guile, and yet often misunderstood or misrepresented; a man who was thought to have no learning, because he had no pedantry, and who was too little of a quack to be reckoned a philosopher; who would have been infallibly praised as a useful writer on the theory of government, if he had been more visionary-and would have been esteemed a deeper divine, if he had not been always so intelligible; who has been suspected of being never serious because he was often jocular, and before those, it should seem, who were not to be trusted with a joke; who did not deal much in protestations of his faith, counting it proof enough of his sincerity (we are ashamed of noticing even thus far insinuations against it) to bring arguments for the truth of Christianity unanswered and unanswerable -to pour forth exhortations to the fulfilment of the duties enjoined by it, the most solemn and intense-and to evince his own practical sense of its influence, by crowning his labours with a work to the glory and praise of God, at a season when his hand was heaviest upon him-a work which lives, and ever will live, to testify that no pains of body could shake for a moment his firm and settled persuasion, that in every thing, and at every crisis, we are God's creatures, that life is passed in His constant presence, and that death resigns us to His merciful disposal.

ART. II-Narrative of a Second Expedition to the Shores of the Polar Sea, in the years 1825-26-27. By John Franklin, Capt. R. N., F.R.S., &c., and Commander of the Expedition; including an Account of the Progress of a Detachment to the Eastward, by John Richardson, M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., Surgeon and Naturalist to the Expedition. London. 4to. 1828. F Pope had lived in our days, we cannot help thinking that his Muse might not have been indisposed to appropriate one little niche in her

IF

'Stupendous pile, not rear'd by human hands,' for the reception of a class of candidates for fame, whom he has

only

only condescended to notice, by huddling them together among the millions who are described as rushing forward, with clamorous din, to pay their devotions at the shrine of the goddess. We allude to those high-spirited, disinterested, and undaunted TRAVELLERS and VOYAGERS engaged in the discovery of unknown regions, who, at the risk of health and life itself, and the sacrifice of every personal comfort and convenience, voluntarily and knowingly subject themselves to the baleful effects of tropical heat and arctic cold, of pestilence and famine-in a word, to the certain endurance of every species of misery that can possibly be inflicted on, or borne by, the human frame. Why men like these should be denied their proper station in the records of that stupendous pile,' in which the poet, the philosopher, the historian, and the warrior, have been enrolled, it would be difficult to assign any cause but that of inadvertence. If, as the same poet tells us,

'The proper study of mankind is man,'

those who subject themselves to the perils and hardships which attend the collecting of materials for the pursuit of the study,' not of man only, but of all the works of creation, are most unquestionably entitled to have their names handed down to the admiration and gratitude of succeeding ages. Let it be recollected, that from those who sustain the dangers and the sufferings

'Of storms at sea, and travels on the shore,'

we derive all our knowledge of the most interesting portions of the little ball of earth we inhabit. We are well assured that no poet, nor historian, nor biographer of the present day, would think of excluding from their due share of fame such names as those of Cook, and Parry, and Franklin, or of Park, Denham, Clapperton, and Laing, and many others not necessary for us here to enumerate, whose labours have contributed so much to the knowledge, the benefit, and the rational amusement of their kind.

Captain Franklin must be considered, beyond all dispute, as one whose name has a right to be enrolled, eminently conspicuous, and in durable characters, in that sacred temple to which we have alluded. When we consider what the intensity of his sufferings were on his first expedition along the shores of the Polar sea, how very narrowly he escaped from perishing, by that most lingering and painful process of gradually wasting away-by famine,almost without the faintest ray of hope that he would be relieved; and that the spark of life had, for some time, been only prolonged, by pieces of bones and scraps of skin, picked out of the ash-heap, and boiled down into a wretched mess of acrid soup; that his lodging was in a ruined hovel pervious to wind and snow, with a temperature of 20° below zero of Fahrenheit's scale; and that the

delay

delay of another day, without the arrival of assistance, would, in all human probability, have put an end to his existence and sufferings together-when we contemplate this excellent officer, in this most distressing of all conceivable situations, we cannot sufficiently admire the fortitude and resolution that prompted him to embark a second time on the very same kind of service, liable to the same accidents, and necessarily to the danger of the same kind of hardships. Happily he has succeeded, and brought home himself, and all his people, in as good, and perhaps better, health than when they started. The following testimony, given by Dr. Richardson, is so honourable to his character, that it cannot be made too public.

'It would not be proper, nor is it my intention, to descant on the professional merits of my superior officer; but, after having served under Captain Franklin for nearly seven years, in two successive voyages of discovery, I trust I may be allowed to say, that however high his brother officers may rate his courage and talents, either in the ordinary line of his professional duty, or in the field of discovery, the hold he acquires upon the affections of those under his command, by a continued series of the most conciliating attentions to their feelings, and an uniform and unremitting regard to their best interests, is not less conspicuous. I feel that the sentiments of my friends and companions, Captain Back and Lieutenant Kendall, are in unison with my own, when I affirm, that gratitude and attachment to our late commanding officer will animate our breasts to the latest period of our lives.'-pp. 236, 237.

Nor can we overlook the able and distinguished services of his coadjutor, Dr. Richardson, to whose energy of character, and promptitude of action, may, in fact, be ascribed the safety of Franklin, and those of the party who survived on the first expedition. He, too, on the late occasion, voluntarily came forward to solicit permission to accompany his friend, though at the temporary sacrifice of abandoning a comfortable situation on shore, which his former services had earned for him, and the still greater sacrifice of leaving behind him a wife and family; so anxious was he to complete the geography, and the natural history of that particular portion of the North American continent lying between the rivers of Hearne and Mackenzie, which he had but partially accomplished on the first journey, but which he has successfully done on the second, as the volume now on our table bears ample testimony.

We deem it unnecessary to follow Captain Franklin and his party through the numerous obstructions and difficulties they encountered, sometimes hurried away with, and sometimes struggling against, the streams of rivers, and dragging their boats and baggage across the portages which separate the waters, or which are

crossed