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unworthy the attention of those citizens situated in the more interior part of the States, ifit shall thereby be found that these trees can be readily propagated, either from the seed or young plants, and be brought to thrive, so as to be equal in their product, if not superior, to those which have been strewed over the country without the aid of man. To what an extent of cultivation may not this lead! There will be no risk or disadvantage attending the experiment; and it certainly deserves encouragement.

Directions of the Lancashire Humane Society for the recovery of persons apparently dead by drowning: and other species of suffocation.

1.

DROWNING.

HEN the body is taken out of the water, strip and wrap itclosely in a coat, blanket, or other warm covering, and convey it gently to the nearest com modious house, with the face upwards, and the head a little raised.

2. Lay it on a bed, or mattress, which has been heated by a warming-pan, in a chamber containing a fire; or, during summer, in the sunshine. Dry the body completely with warm cloths, and afterwards rub it diligently, but gently, with hot flannels on the left side, near the heart. Apply to the hands and feet cloths wrung out of hot water, and heated bricks, or bottles, or bladders half filled with hot water or bags of hot grains or sand, to the stomach and arm-pits. Let a healthy person, of the same sex with the sufferer, lie down unclothed, on the right side of the body; and

be employed in rubbing, and aiding other necessary operations.

If a tub of warm water be in readiness, let the body be placed in it up to the neck, and continued in it half an hour. the water should not be hotter than can be comfortably borne by the assistants; and the heat of all the applications before directed should be moderate'

When the body is taken out of the tub of water, it must be wiped dry, laid upon the bed, and treated according to the rules already given.

3. During the foregoing operations, put the pipe of a pair of bellows into one of the nostrils, the other nostril and the mouth being closed by an assistant; and blow gently, till the breast be a little raised. Let the mouth and nostril then be left free, and an easy pressure made upon the breast. Repeat this imitation of natural breathing till signs of returning life appear, when it is to be gradually discontinued.

N. B. If no bellows be at hand, let an assistant blow into the nostrils of the drowned person, with his breath, through a quill, reed, or any other small pipe.

4. When breathing begins to be renewed, let a feather dipt in spirit of hartshorn, or sharp mustard, be occasionally introduced into the nostrils. Pepper or snuff also may be blown into them. A glyster should now be given without delay, composed of equal parts of wine and hot water, with a small table spoonful of flower of mustard, or à teaspoonful of powdered pepper, ginger, or other spice. Rum, brandy, or gin, mixed with six times its quantity of hot water, with the addition of mustard, &c.may be used instead of wine.

5. As soon as the patient can swallow, administer to him, by spoonfuls, hot wine, or spirits mixed with water.

6. When life is completely restored, the sufferer should remain at rest in a warm bed, be supplied moderately with wine-whey, aleposset, or other nourishing drinks, and gentle sweating should be encouraged.

Hanging.

1. If a medical assistant be present, let him take a few ounces of blood from the jugular veins; or apply a cupping-glass to the neck.

2. The other methods of treatment are to be the same as recommended for the recovery of drownèd persons. Suffocation by noxious vapours, or lightning.

Sprinkle the face, and the whole body with cold water, if the heat of the sufferer be above or equal to that of a living person. But if the body feel cold, apply warmth gradually; and use the means directed under the head of drowning. A small quantity of blood may also be taken from the jugular veins. Frost.

Take the body to the nearest room with a fire-place, but not near the fire. Rub it with snow, or cold water. Attempt warmth and breathing by slow degrees, in the way directed for the recovery of drowned

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and foment the legs and feet with water of a moderate degree of heat.

2. When a child has been smothered under the bed-clothes, if the body be too hot, as is commonly the case, expose it for a short time to a stream of fresh air, and sprinkle a little cold water on the face and breast; then fill the lungs, and follow the other directions above delivered.

No other means but those here recommended are ever to be employed, except by the authority of some judicious physician, or of one of the medical assistants of the society.

N. B. In all the above cases, immediately dispatch a messenger for medical assistance; send, also, another messenger to the nearest house where warm water, grains, or other things of the same nature may be procured, with a good fire, and a warm bed for the reception of the unfortunate person.

Canals in Spain, from Townshend's

Travels through Spain and Portugal, in the years 1786 and 1787.

HE Ebro is navigable from Logrono to Tudela; and the canal, which begins at Tudela, is finished as far as Zaragoza, from whence it will be carried ten leagues lower before it enters again into the Ebro. At Amposta, below Tortaso, there is another canal, which opens into the bay of Alfarques, to obviate the inconvenience which arises from the frequent shifting of the Ebro, near its mouth. Not far from Zaragoza, the canal passes the mountain of Torrero, by an open cast of forty feet the mean depth;

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for more than a quarter of a league or about one mile in length. The twelve leagues which they have finished from Tudela, cost sixty millions of reals, which in sterling is six hundred thousand pounds; the twelve leagues are nearly equal to fifty-three miles English, upon a supposition that they are statute leagues, of twenty-five thousand Spanish feet; but if we suppose them to be ordinary leagues, of six thousand six hundred varas each, the twelve leagues will be only fortytwo miles and a small fraction. On the former supposition, the expense will be found eleven thousand six hundred eighty-two pounds, four shillings per mile, or six pounds twelve shillings and eight-pence per yard. This expense appears to be enormous; but if we consider that the canals in Spain are nine feet deep, twenty feet wide at bottom, and fifty-six at top; and if we consider the cutting through a mountain open-cast more than a mile, we shall not think it unreasonable.

In a calculation which Mr. Whitworth made for a canal to be made from Salisbury to Redbridge (A. D. 1771), he supposed the depth four feet and a half, and the width at bottom fourteen feet. In these circumstances he allowed threepence halfpenny for every cubic yard; but had the canal been deeper and wider, he must have made his estimate double, treble, or even more, not merely according to the quantity, but in proportion to the distance to which that quantity must be removed, and the perpendicular height to which it must be previously raised. Mr. Whitworth's canal does not contain more than ten cubic yards in each yard of length, and a considerable propor

tion of this may be done merely by the spade, without the aid of either pick-axe or barrow; whereas the Spanish canals contain near fortynine and one-ninth cubic yards in each yard in length, the greatest part of which is to be moved to a great distance, and from a considerable depth, increasing commonly in hardness in proportion to the depth..

This, however, will serve to show the wisdom of our people in the north of England, who by experience have learned to make their canals very narrow. With them three boats of thirty tons are preferred to one of ninety; and to carry thirty tons, they construct their boats about seventy feet long, seven wide at top, and six at bottom; drawing four feet of water. But such contemptible canals would not suit the ambition of a Spaniard, nor coincide with his ideas of grandeur.

As we crossed this canal near Zaragoza, on our way to Madrid, we stopped to examine the works; and I must confess that I never saw any so beautiful, or so perfect in their kind, as the locks and wharfs, nor did I ever see men work with greater spirit, or in a better manner. The number of men employed is three thousand, of which two thousand are soldiers, the others sants; to the former they give three reals a day in addition to their pay; but they work mostly by the piece, and receive what they earn.

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The canal begins at Segovia, sixteen leagues north of Madrid, and is separated from the southern canal by the chain of mountains which we passed at Guadazama. From Segovia, quitting the Eresma, it crosses the Pisuerga near Valladolid, at the junction of that river with the Duero, then leaving Valencia, with

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the Carrion to the right, till it has crossed that river below Herrera, it approaches once more the Pisuerga; and near Herrera, twelve leagues from Reinosa, there is a fall of a thousand Spanish feet. At Reinosa is the communication with the canal of Arragon, which unites the Mediterranean to the Bay of Biscay; and from Reinosa to the Suanzes, which is three leagues, there is a fall of three thousand feet.

Above Valencia is a branch going westward, through Beceril de Campos, Rio Seco, and Benevente, to Zamora, making this canal of Castille, in its whole extent, one hundred and forty leagues.

They have already completed twenty leagues of it, from Reinosa to Rio Seco; which, with twentyfour locks, three bridges for aqueducts, and one league and a half of open-cast through a high mountain, has cost thirty-eight millions of reals or, three hundred and eighty thousand pounds sterling; and this, supposing the twenty leagues equal to eighty-eight miles, is 4,3187. per mile. For work executed in so complete a manner, this certainly is not extravagant.

The canal is nine feet deep, twenty feet wide at bottom, and fifty-six at top.

When this canal is perfected, which may be in less than thirty years, the world, perhaps, will have nothing of the kind to be compared with it, either in point of workmanship, of extent, or of utility.

The two first speak for themselves; the last, can be obvious only to those who have seen this country. To say nothing of coals, to be carried from the Asturias to the south, and of manufactures which might then be established in Castile and find a ready market by the Bay of Biscay; the excellent wines of

that sandy province, now scarcely paying for cultivation, would not only find a ready sale, but would be in the highest estimation; the oils would fetch their price, both for the table and for soap; and the corn, which in abundant seasons proves the ruin of the farmer, would be a source of opulence, and stimulatehis industry to fresh exertions.

For want of such an outlet, provinces designed by nature to rejoice in plenty, and to furnish abundance for exportation, are often reduced to famine, and obliged to purchase corn from the surrounding nations. Considering such undertakings, and seeing them either languish for want of men and money, or not carried on with a spirit answerable to their vast importance, how natural is it to execrate the madness and folly of mankind, so often engaged in prosecuting unprofitable wars from motives of covetousness, or from the most idle jealousy and groundless apprehensions; spending those treasures for the molestation and abasement of their neighbours, which might be more profitably employed for their own emolument and exaltation, if expended in agricultural improvements, and the general fomentation of their industry. The whole annual expense of this canal is not equal to the construction of one ship of the line. Nay, we may venture to assert, that the men and money absurdly spent by Spain in the prosecution of the last war, would have finished forty canals equal to that I have been describing. The discussion would be long, but the proof is easy. Money is soon reckoned, if we omit the multiplied calculations needful to estimate its value according to the various channels in which it flows, and the purposes for which it is employed; but men are easily overlooked ; yet, not

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one of these who falls in the vigour of his age, can be reckoned even in the first instance, at less than forty pounds, without taking into consideration the contingent injury in the loss of a subject who might have lived to become the parent of a numerous offspring.

Specification of the patent for preserving eggs sound for a considerable time, granted to Mr. W. Jayne, &c. [From the Repertory of Arts.]

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O all to whom these presents shall come, &c. Now KNOW YE that, in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said William Jayne, do hereby declare, that my said invention is described in manner following; that is to say, take and put into a tub or vessel one bushel, Winchester measure, of quick lime, thirty two ounces salt, eight ounces of cream of tartar, and mix the same together, with as much water as will reduce the composition, or mixture, to that consistence that it will cause an egg put into it, to swim with its top just above the liquid; then put, and keep, the eggs therein, which will preserve them perfectly sound for the space of two years at the least. In witness whereof, &c.

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YE that, in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said George Glenny, do hereby declare that the method or invention used by me, for obtaining from wood ashes a greatly supe❤ rior quantity of pot and pearl ashes than has hitherto been obtained, is as follows: namely, that the common ashes produced by burning wood must be completely calcined in a furnace; and, if a small proportion of lime be sifted among the wood ashes, before they are put into the calcining furnace, it will prevent them from vitrifying; but, if they are at times stirred with an iron rake, or other proper instrument, during the process of calcination, that will answer the purpose of adding the lime; and when the ashes are calcined into a fine powder the usual method may be pursued, but it is better to boil them in large vessels, especially in frosty weather In witness whereof &c.

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