Acts, 126; from the United States
(1791-1816), 209 (table), 314, 325;
(1800-1860), 414 (table), 416,
417 (tables), 438 (table), 442-
445 (table), 477 (tables), 570-571;
(1860-1915), 598-601, 616. See
Trade, foreign.

Factories, description of, at Lowell,
289, 531, 537; at Waltham, 529-
531; at Lynn, 529–531; at Man-
chester, 535; number of (1849-
1909), 745; in the South, 751.
Farms, yield of, 484; size of, 602,
616 (table), 629 (table), 634;
number of, 614-617.
Fish, 6, 9, 34, 43.

Fishing, in New England, 58, 74;
advantages of American, 60.
Food, in colonies, 111; unwholesome

(1797), 272; prices of (1817),
348; (1910), 810, 830, 831;
better, demanded by workingmen,
828, 843; waste of, 837.
Frontier, population of, 356-357;
lines (1830-1860), 369-375; dis-
appearance of, 779.

Fruits, 15, 31, 33, 38, 599, 637.
Fur trade, 57.

Georgia, settlement of, 19; objec-
tions to prohibition of rum and
slaves in, 92.

Gold reserve, accumulation of, 696–
700.

Greenbacks, quantity and nature of,
691-693, 727-728; the issue of,
criticized, 693-695; fluctuation
in the value of, 696; redemption
of, 696-700. See Paper money.

Hogs, 13, 30, 40, 235, 237, 359-360.
Houses, colonial (1650), 12; pioneer

(1790), 235, 236; architecture of,
341; higher standards in, 828, 842;

acquired through building and
loan associations, 841.

Immigrants, opportunities for, in
the West, 234-235; number of,
in agriculture, 608-613; distri-
bution of, 786, 788; country of
origin of, 787; concentration in
cities of, 788.
Immigration, to colonies urged, 1-4,
6-22; effect of, on growth of popu-
lation, 107; extent and character
of, 439, (1820-1860), 550-558;
(1882-1910), 783-790; causes of,
784; legislation concerning, 789-

792.

Imports, colonial, 43-50, passim, 51–
52 (tables), 69, 132-133; into
Virginia, 69; into New York, 75,
423; affected by Navigation Acts,
128; from England into Southern
colonies, 132; into New England,
133 (table); into United States,
280, 413-414 (table), 421-426.
Income, distribution of national
(1850-1910), 822-827.
Independent Treasury, arguments
for, 503-507.

Indians, trade with, 1; agriculture
of, 28.

Industries, colonial (1721), 42-51;

extractive, 53-61; localization of,
boots and shoes, 277, 301-303;
cotton goods, 282; woolen goods,
282; machinery, 282; clothing,
305; collars, 305; rubber goods,
307; watches, 307-308; musical
instruments, 307.

Inheritance, New England laws on,

22.

Intemperance, 271, 273, 834. See
Drink.

Interest, rates of, 820, 824-826.
Internal improvements, federal aid
for, 385-390; and the national

defense, 385-388; in the West,
390-392; arguments for and
against, 396-401; development
of, 401-406.

Iron (and steel) manufactures of,
260, 279-281, 283 (table), 297-
300, 752-755 (table).
Irrigation, importance of, 622-624.

Labor, scarcity of, in colonies, 82;
condition of, 110, 229, 237, 524-
528, 792, 846-847; and the tariff,
313-316; hours of, 534-535
(table), 794, 842; organizations
of, 795-801; legislation concern-
ing, 801-808; share of, in net
product of industry, 815-819;
share of, in national income, 824-
826.

Lakes, traffic on, 384, 407, 440,

655-659; rates on, 401-406.
Land, head rights of colonists to,
3, 16; advice on granting, 23;
grants of, by governors, 24; grants
of, in Pennsylvania, 25; methods
of granting, 26; sales of, 27, 238,
239 (table); free, attracted settlers
to West, 234, 604; small holdings
of, 237; speculation in public,
238, 458-464, 500; grants of, to
states, 414-415, 450; extent and
importance of public, 446-455,
616; proceeds from sale of, 448,
455, 456; and wages, 455-457;
price of, 457, 481, 571-572, 603,
613-622, 631, 635; tenure of,
601-608, 627-629; grants of, in
the West, 640–643.

Legal Tender Act, criticism of,
693-695.

Live-stock. See Cattle, Hogs, Sheep.
Lumber, in the colonies, 42-43, 46,
49, 53, 70-72, 74, 76-78, 80; on
the Mississippi, 357-358; manu-
facture of, 743.

Machinery, invention of, 267; intro-
duction of cotton, 287, 288, 747-
751; agricultural, 280, 297, 467–
476, 622; introduction of woolen,
295; value of (1860), 299; in
factories, 528-537, 745.

Manners, 112, 113, 269–271, 338–
342.

Manufactures (1721), 43-46; (1732)

60-65; (1765), 158; (1840), 283;
in Massachusetts, 43; in Penn-
sylvania, 46; in New York, 65–66;
in New England, 68; of iron pro-
hibited in colonies, 139; few, for
sale (1775), 252; obstacles to
development of, 253, 310, 339;
after the Revolution, 254, 255;
protection asked for, 256, 309 ff.;
Hamilton's report on, 257-266;
of iron, 260, 279-282, 297-300,
752-755; of cotton, 263, 278-279,
283, 285-293, 747-751; of wool-
ens, 264, 293-296, 743; of leather,
277, 300-303, 743; of printing
presses, 303-304; of sewing ma-
chines, 304-305; of flour and
meal, 305-306, 743; of India
rubber goods, 307; of furniture,
307, 743; of watches, 308; pro-
gress of (1793), 266; (1810), 277;
(1840), 283; (1860), 282; (1850-
1880), 740; decline of (1795), 267;
household, 260-268, 279; Galla-
tin's report on, 276-282; geo-
graphical distribution of, 277,
302, 304-308, 742-744, 746, 751;
value of (1840), 283; (1860), 282,
291, 297, 299, 301, 304, 306;
(1900), 618; (1850-1880), 740,
743; (1850-1910), 745; in the
West, 357; conditions favorable
to, 739.

Market, retail, 105; colonies a, for
British manufactures, 132; west-
ern, 248; wholesale, 303.

Naval stores, 54.
Navigation. See Trade, Commerce.
Navigation act (1660), 118; (1663),
120; approved, 120; objections
to, 122-123; criticized by Adam
Smith, 124; enumeration of arti-
cles in, 125; purpose of, 129;
evaded, 138; enforcement of,
148-151, 154-155, 160; opposi-
tion to, 155, 160-161; defended,
162-164.

Non-importation agreements, 168,
170; lead to petition for reconcilia-
tion by London merchants, 171;
by West India planters, 173.
Non-intercourse Act, 419, 424.
Northern States, agriculture in,
219-221, 476–484; localization
of manufactures in, 282; com-
merce of, 421-424.

Panics (and crises) (1837), 499–503;

(1873), 729-732; (1884), 732-734;
(1907), 734-737.

Paper money, in colonies defended,
99; prohibited by Parliament,
100, 103, 146; necessity of,
in colonies, 104; remonstrance

against prohibition of, 147; con-
tinental, 175; depreciation of,
177, 493-495; issued by the states
(1781-1788), 179, 485; prohibited
by the Constitution, 486.
Greenbacks.

Parcel post, proposals for the estab-
lishment of, 683-684.

Patents, on cotton machinery, 227,
289.

Peddler, as a distributor of goods,
249.

Plantations, state of the British
(1721), 42-51.

Plymouth Plantation, articles of
agreement of, 3.

Population, in Pennsylvania (1721),

46; in Maryland, 46; in South
Carolina, 49; growth of, in col-
onies, 106; (1752-1756), 108;
growth of, due to large families,
109; in North Carolina (1759),
114; condition of, 110, 112, 229,
237, 269–271, 813-847; growth of,
in West, 338, 451; growth of, in
United States, 451-452, 547
(table), 550 (table), 597 (table),
614, 630, 777-779 (table); dis-
tribution of (1860), 545-550, 568-
569; (1880), 779; concentration
of, in cities, 780-783.
Post-office, development of (1791-

1816), 274; (up to 1911), 682-686;
rates, 275; rural free delivery of,
682-683.

Poverty, among poor whites of

Virginia (1780), 229; unknown in
West, 237, 345; caused by large
fortunes, 820-822.

Prices, of farm products (1731), 39;
(1763), 80; (1817), 348; (1843),
526-527; wholesale (1897-1910),
766, 809 (table); retail (1910), 810.
Products, colonial (1721), 42-51;
of New Hampshire, 43; of Mas-

sachusetts, 43; of New York, 44,
70; of New Jersey, 45, 70; of
Pennsylvania, 46, 70; of Mary-
land, 47, 344; of Virginia, 47, 79,
344, of South Carolina, 49, 344;
of Western and Southern states,
344, 359, 407, 481-484.
Profits, 817, 819, 824-827.
Prosperity, great in colonies, 110;
among American laborers, 524-
525; in the United States (1850-
1912), 813-815, 827, 832-847.
Public domain, attracted settlers
to the West, 234, 604; specula-
tion in, 238, 458-464, 500; extent
and character of (1832), 446-455,
616.

Railroads, development of (1830-

1850), 393-395; (1841-1854), 415;
(1850-1860), 404-406; (1860-
1900), 659-662; first in United
States, 396-406; compared with
canals, 396-406, 844; rates on,
401-406, 662-667.
Rent, 824-826, 831.

Revenues, of the government (1860),

689; (1892-1897), 762.

Revolution, of colonies made pos-
sible by conquest of French, 143;
economic causes of, 143-166;
social effects of, 181-184.
Rivers, navigation on Western, 379-
385; decline of traffic on, 667-
675; future importance of traffic
on, 675-680.

Roads, badness of (1810), 241;

Servants, work of, in Maryland
(1655), 14; in South Carolina
(1731), 17; in Pennsylvania
(1748), 84; (1775), 88; in Vir-
ginia (1656), 87.
Sheep, 223, 293, 296.

Ship subsidy, proposals for, 654-655.
Shipbuilding, in Massachusetts, 44,

55; in the United States (1789),
204, 254, 262; cost of, 205.
Shipping, encouraged by Naviga-
tion Act (1660), 118; advantage
to England of colonial, 130; cost
of operation of American (1805),
206; tonnage of (1789-1815),
208 (table); (1821-1860), 432
(table); (1860-1910), 651-652
(table).

See

Silver, demonetization of, 711-717;
plea for the free coinage of, 711-
714, 722-725; purchase of, 717-
722; trade dollar, 725-726.
Money, Currency.
Slavery, unprofitableness of (1774),
96, 560-563, 571-578; decline of
(1788), 231; areas of, 359; effi-
ciency of, 564-571, 579–582.
Slaves (1748), 86; trade in, to Vir-
ginia (1708), 89; request of mis-
sionary for, 91; introduction of,
into Georgia urged, 93; refused,
95; treatment of, 230, 233; number
of (1860), 549; capital invested in,
574-576, 620; living expenses of,
580; rules for managing, 582-594;
internal trade in, 595-597; price
of, 596.
Smuggling, 137-138; interference
with, a cause of the Revolution,
161, 165.

Southern States, character of agri-
culture in, 221-229, 578-582,
627-629; slavery in, 229-234;
commerce of, 421-424; absence
of manufactures in, 576-578;

farm tenancy in, 605-608; ef-
fect of the Civil War on, 620, 627.
Speculation in land, 238, 458-464,

500.

Stage-coach, travel by (1802), 240;

(1818), 350; (1835,) 376-379.
Stamp Act, 155, 157; effect in Eng-

land of, 169.

Standard of living (1910), 827;

of a self-supporting woman, 831.
Steamboat, invention of, 250; effect
of, on river trade, 379–385, 407–
410 (table); on the Great Lakes,
384.

suppressed in England, 141; de-
cline of, 229.

Trade, domestic, between colonies,
76; prohibited by Navigation
Acts, 127, 150, 152; retail (1748),
105; (1806), 247; coasting (1791),
203, 208 (table); (1789-1815),
208-209 (tables); internal, 240,
381-385, 408-411 (tables), 644-
651; down the Mississippi, 244,
379-385, 675-680; along Western
rivers, 245; character of Western,
246, 247; services of peddler in,

249.

432.

Steel. See Iron.

Sugar Act, (1764), 152.

Tariff acts, colonial, 140; inharmo-
nious, between states (1783-1789),
197; protective, urged, 256, 257,
310–316, 333-337, 760, 764; argu-
ments against, 258, 316-323, 327-
332, 757, 761, 765; and wages,
320, 330, 456; the principle of
minimums in, 324, 328, 331; com-
promise, 326, 336; ad valorem
duties in, 328; and reciprocity
treaties, 420-421; operation of,
425-426, 762; changes in (1860-
1882), 756-757; (1883–1897), 758-
763; commission of 1882, 757;
act of 1909, 763; act of 1913,
765.
Taxation, of colonies by England,

155-156; impossible for carrying
on Revolution, 175.
Telegraph, development of, 680-682.
Telephone, development of, 680-
682.

Tobacco, plantation, description of

(1686), 36; cultivation of, 37, 41,
483-484; the staple crop, 38, 47;
export of, 51, 69, 80; growth of,

70-74; with the West Indies, 45,
75, 192–196, 207; of Pennsylvania,
46, 70; of New York, 45, 70,
74-78; of Virginia, 69, 79; in
colonies, 69-81; regulated by
Navigation Acts, 120, 127, 148-
151, 154-155, 160, 172; the
source of national wealth, 129;
stopped by non-importation agree-
ments, 171, 173; between Eng-
land and the United States
(1784-1790), 192; necessity of,
201; with the Orient, 202; with
Europe, 207, 208-209 (tables);
unfair as carried on under neutral

flag, 210; injured by British
and French, 212-214. See Carry-
ing-trade, Commerce, Exports,
Imports.

Trade unions, 795; national, 798;
membership of, 8oo.
Transportation. See Canals, Rail-

roads, Rivers, Roads, Stage-coach.
Travel, by stage, 240, 350, 376-379;

by wagon, 240, 345, 352, 354, 363;
by river, 349, 350, 352, 361, 371-
385; by railroad, 350, 431.
Treaty, commercial, with England
(1783), 185-196; arguments
against, 185, 187-189; effects of