SECTION 2.

1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and Its extent. equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority; to all cases affecting ambassadors; or other public ministers and consuls; to all cases of admirality and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party; to controversies between two or more States, between a State and citizens of another State; between citizens of different States; between citizens of the same State, claiming lands under grants of different States, and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens, or art. 11 of amendsubjects.*

2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers or consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases, before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress shall make.

[Restriction by

ments.

Jurisdiction Supreme Court.

3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, Trial of crimes. shall be by jury; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at such places or places as the Congress may by law have directed.

SECTION 3.

Treason against the United States shall consist only in levy- Treason. ing war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court.

2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason; but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attained.

ARTICLE IV.

SECTION 1.

Its punishment.

of

to the acts, &c., of

1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the Faith to be given public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other States. State. And the Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.

SECTION 2.

izenship.

1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privi- Reciprocity of citleges and immunities of citizens in the several States.

2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in anoth

Criminals to be delivered up.

Also

slaves, &c.

States.

runaway

er State, shall, on demand of executive authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime.

3. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor; but shall be delivered upon claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due.

SECTION 3.

Admission of new 1. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other State, nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned, as well as of the Congress.

Power of Congress

2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of, and make over Territory, &c. all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to predjudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular State.

Guarantee and protection of each State.

Mode of amending the Constitution.

Debts assumed.

SECTION 4.

The United States shall guaranty to every State in this Union, a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion; and on application of the Legislature, or of the executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened) against domestic violence.

ARTICLE V.

The Congress whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution; or on the application of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress. Provided, that no amendment, which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and that no State without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate.

ARTICLE VI.

1. All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States, under this Constitution, as.under the con federation.

2. This Constitution, and the Laws of the United State

of the land.

which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties The Supreme law made or which shall be made under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land, and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby; anything in the constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding.

Representatives

3. The Senators and Representatives, before mentioned, &c., to support this and the members of the several State Legislatures, and all Constitution. executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound, by oath or affirmation,

to support this Constitution; but no religious test shall ever No religious test, be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States.

ARTICLE VII.

Ratifications of nine States suffici

The ratification of the Conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between ent. the States so ratifying the same.

Done in Convention, by the unanimous consent of the States present, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the Independence of the United States of America, the twelfth. In witness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed GEO. WASHINGTON, President,

our names.

Amendments to the Constitution.

Religion, speech,

the press, and the

ARTICLE. I.

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of right to petition. religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.

People may keep

arms.

Quartering of soldiers.

Security against unreasonable

ures.

ARTICLE II.

A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.

ARTICLE III.

No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.

ARTICLE IV.

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, searches and seiz- houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated; and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

Presentment or

minal cases.

No

person

ARTICLE V.

shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherindictment in cri- wise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in a case arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service, in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject, for the same offence, to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness against himself, or be deprived of life, liberty, property, Right of private without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation.

property.

ARTICLE VI.

In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the Rights of the acright to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the cused. State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process, for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence.

ARTICLE VII.

In suits at common law, where the value in controversy Right of trial by shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be jury. preserved, and no fact, tried by a jury shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.

ARTICLE VIII.

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines of bail, fines and imposed, nor cruel or unusual punishments inflicted.

ARTICLE IX.

punishments.

ed not to disparage

The enumeration, in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall Rights enumeratnot be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

ARTICLE X.

those retained.

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Con- Reserved powers. stitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States, respectively, or to the people.

ARTICLE XI.

The judicial power of the United States shall not be con- Restriction of justrued to extend to any suit in law or in equity, commenced dicial powers. or prosecuted against one of the United States, by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State.

ARTICLE XII.

President and Vice

1. The electors shall meet in their respective States and Mode of electing vote by ballot, for President and Vice President, one of whom, President of the at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with United States. themselves; and they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice President; and they shall make distinct lists of