admiration. In 1698 he was presented by the bishop to Lowestoft in Suffolk, and he was invited in 1700 to Cambridge, to become deputy to sir Isaac Newton, whom he succeeded in the Lucasian professorship. About this time his attachment to the church of England began to waver; he pretended to discover that the two first centuries of the church were truly Eusebian and Arian, and that afterwards doctrines less congenial to Christianity had been adopted. These opinions were heard with astonishment by his friends, but he disregarded censure, and wrote warmly in support of his sentiments. This drew upon him the displeasure of the university, and in 1710 he was deprived of his professorship and banished from the precincts of Cambridge. Regardless of the disgrace, he retired to London, where he lectured on philosophy, astronomy, and divinity, and wrote on his favourite topic of primitive Christianity. The scanty pittance which he thus derived was scarce sufficient to supply him with necessaries, yet he was cheerful, and in the midst of his distresses he often found the hand of those who revered his learning and piety extended to relieve him. Though he regularly frequented the church of England, he at last forsook it in 1747, when the clergyman read in allusion to him as he supposed, the Athanasian creed, and he repaired to the baptist meeting, till, as he observed, he had an opportunity of setting up a more primitive congregation himself. He died after a week's illness, 1752, aged 84. He was, as bishop Hare observes, a fair unblemished character, who all his life had cultivated piety, virtue, and good learning. By his useful works of philosophy and mathematics, he endeavoured to display the glory of the great creator, and to his study of nature he early joined the study of the scriptures. The best of his works are, besides his Theory, Astronomical Lectures, 8vo. Translation of Josephus, with eight valuable Dissertations, 4 vols. 8vo. ; Astronomical Principles of Religion; History of the Old and New Testament, 6 vols. 8vo.; Vindication of the Testimony of Phlegon; Memoirs of his own Life, 2 vols. 8vo. &c.

WHIT. s. (hpit, a thing, Saxon.) A point; a jot (Davies).

WHITBY, a seaport in the N. riding of Yorkshire, with a market on Saturday. It is seated near the mouth of the Esk, has a considerable manufacture of sailcloth, and a great traffic in the building of ships, and in the car rying business. In the neighbourhood are several large alum-works. Its harbour is the best on this coast, and has a fine pier; but it has no river communication with the inland country. Several ships are sent hence to the Greenland fishery. Whitby is the birthplace of that great circumnavigator, captain James Cook. In December 1787, a strong newbuilt quay, running parallel to a high cliff, and supporting a pile of building, eighty feet above the margin of the sea, fell with a thundering crash, followed by large masses of the cliff, containing stones from three to six tons weight

The remains of the massy church of an ancient abbey stood on this cliff, and the ground was observed to sink, at the distance of ten yards from its tower; but it stood till November 1794, when the greatest part of the W. end fell to the ground. Whitby is 48 miles N.N.E. of York, and 243 N. of London. Lon. 0. 24 W. Lat. 54. 30 N.

WHITBY (Dr. Daniel), a very learned English writer, was born in 1638, and bred at Oxford; where, in 1664, he was elected perpetual fellow of his college. He afterward became chaplain to Dr. Seth Ward, bishop of Salisbury; who collated him in 1668 to the prebend of Yatesbury in that church, and soon after to that of Husborn and Burbach. In 1672 he was admitted chanter of the said church, on the death of Mr. John South, and then, or soon after, rector of St. Edmund's church in Salisbury. He was made a prebendary of Taunton Regis in 1696, and died in 1726. He was ever strangely ignorant of worldly affairs, even to a degree that is scarcely to be conceived. His writings are numerous, and well known: particularly his Commentary on the New Testament.

WHITCHURCH, a decayed borough in Hampshire, with a market on Friday. It sends two members to parliament, and is 24 miles E. by N. of Salisbury, and 58 W. by S. of London. Lon. 1. 10 W. Lat. 51. 15 N.

WHITCHURCH, a town in Shropshire, with a market on Friday, 20 miles N. of Shrewsbury, and 161 N.W. of London. Lon. 2. 40 W. Lat. 52. 0 N.

WHITCHURCH, or LITTLE STANMORE, a village near Edgeware, in Middlesex, eight miles N.W. of London. Here was a magnifi. cent seat, called Canons, built in 1712, by James first duke of Chandos, who lived here in a kind of regal state, and died in 1744. It was demolished in 1747, and the materials were sold by auction. The church contains all that now remains of the magnificence of Canons: the body of it was built, and beautifully adorned, by the duke.

WHITE. a. (hpit, Saxon; wit, Dutch.) 1. Having such an appearance as arises from the mixture of all colours; snowy (Newton). 2. Having the colour of fear; pale (Shakspeare). 3. Having the colour appropriated to happiness and innocence (Milton). 4. Gray with age (Shakspeare). 5. Pure; unblemished (Pope).

WHITE. S. 1. Whiteness; any thing white; white colour. (See COLOUR and CHROMATICS.) 2. The mark at which an arrow is shot, which used to be painted white (Southern). 3. The albugineous part of an egg (Boyle). 4. The white part of the eye (Ray).

To WHITE. v. a. (from the adjective.) To make white; to dealbate (Mark). WHITE-ANT, in entomology. See TERMES. WHITE-BAIT, in ichthyology. See CY

PRINUS.

WHITE-THORN, in botany. See CRATE

GUS.

WHITE-NUN, in ornithology. See MERGUS. WHITE-THROAT, in ornithology. See MOTACILLA.

WHITE VITRIOL. See VITRIOLUM and ZINCUM.

WHITE LEAD. See PLUMBUM and LEAD. WHITE BLAZE, a white mark upon a horse's face, descending from the forehead almost to the nose. See MARK.

WHITE-FOOT, a white mark that happens in the feet of a great many horses, both before and behind, from the fetlock to the coffin. In the manage, the horses thus marked are either trammelled, cross-trammelled, or white of all four. See the articles MARK, TROT, and TRAMMELLED.

WHITES, in medicine, the vulgar name for a fluor albus. This disease is marked by the discharge of a thin white or yellow matter from the uterus and vagina, attended likewise with some degree of fetor, smarting in making water, pains in the back and loins, anorexia and atrophy. In some cases, the discharge is of so acrid a nature, as to produce effects on those who are connected with the woman, somewhat similar to venereal matter, giving rise to excoriations about the glans penis, and preputium, and occasioning a weeping from the urethra.

To distinguish leucorrhea from gonorrhæa, it will be very necessary to attend to the symptoms. In the latter, the running is constant, but in a small quantity; there is much ardor urine, itching of the pudenda, swelling of the labia, increased inclination to venery, and very frequently an enlargement of the glands in the groin; whereas, in the former, the discharge is irregular, comes away often in large lumps, and in considerable quantities, and is neither preceded by nor accompanied with any inflammatory affection of the pudenda.

Immoderate coition, injury done to the parts by difficult and tedious labours, frequent miscarriages, immoderate flowings of the menses, profuse evacuations, poor diet, an abuse of tea and other causes giving rise to general debility, or to a laxity of the parts more immediately concerned, are those which usually produce the whites, vulgarly so called, from the discharge being commonly of that colour.

Fluor albus, in some cases, indicates that there is a disposition to disease in the uterus, or parts connected with it, especially where the quantity of the discharge is very copious, and its quality highly acrimonious. By some the disease has been considered as never arising from debility of the system, but as being always a primary affection of the uterus. Delicate women with lax fibres, who remove from a cold climate to a warin one, are, however, very apt to be attacked with it, without the parts having previously sustained any kind of injury. The disease shews itself by an irregular discharge from the uterus and vagina, of a fluid, which in different women varies much in colour, being either of a white, green, yellow,

or brown hue. In the beginning it is, however, most usually white and pellucid, and in the progress of the complaint acquires the va rious discolourations, and different degrees of acrimony, from whence proceeds a slight degree of smarting in making water. Besides the discharge, the patient is frequently afflicted with severe and constant pains in the back and loins, loss of strength, failure of appetite, dejection of spirits, paleness of the countenance, chilliness, and languor. Where the disease has been of long continuance, and very severe, a slow fever, attended with difficult respiration, palpitations, faintings, and anarsarcous swellings of the lower extremities, often ensues.

A perfect removal of the disorder will at all times be a difficult matter to procure; but it will be much more so in cases of long standing, and where the discharge is accompanied with a high degree of acrimony. In these cases, many disorders, such as prolapsus uteri, ulcerations of the organ, atrophy and dropsy, are apt to take place, which in the end prove fatal.

Where the disease terminates in death, the internal surface of the uterus appears, on dissection, to be pale, flabby, and relaxed; and where organic affections have arisen, much the same appearances are to be met with as have been noticed under the head of menorrhagia. See LEUCORRHEA.

WHITE SWELLING. See ARTHROPUOSIS and HYDARTHRUS.

WHITEHAVEN, a seaport in Cumber land, with a market on Tuesday. It is seated on a creek of the Irish sea, on the N. end of a great hill, washed by the tide on the W. side, where there is a large rock, or quarry of hard white stone, which gives name to the place, and which, with the help of a strong stone wall, secures the harbour. It is lately much improved in its buildings, and noted for its trade in coal and salt, there being near it a prodigious coal mine, which runs a consider. able way under the sea. A good trade is also carried on to Ireland, Scotland, Chester, Bristol, and to the W. Indies. It is 10 miles S.W, of Cockermouth, and 305 N.W. of London. Lon. 3. 34 W. Lat. 54. 36 N.

WHITEHORN, a royal burgh of Scotland, in Wigtonshire, governed by a provost. It is a place of great antiquity, and said to have been the first bishop's see in Scotland. It is eight miles S. of Wigton.

WHITEHORN, an island of Scotland, near the S.E. coast of the county of Wigton. Lon. 4. 20 W. Lar. 54. 46 N.

WHITEHURST (John), in biography, an ingenious English philosopher, was born at Congleton in the county of Chester, the 10th of April, 1713, being the son of a clock and watch-maker there. On his quitting school, where it seems the education he received was very defective, he was bred by his father to his own profession, in which he soon gave hopes of his future eminence.

At about the age of twenty-one, his eagerness after new ideas carried him to Dublia,

nism in that city, being a clock with certain curious appendages, which he was very desirous of seeing, and no less so of conversing with the maker. On his arrival, however, he could neither procure a sight of the former, nor draw the least hint from the latter concerning it. Thus disappointed, he fell upon an expedient for accomplishing his design; and accordingly took up his residence in the house of the mechanic, paying the more liberally for his board, as he had hopes from thence of more readily obtaining the indulgence wished for. Ile was accommodated with a room directly over that in which the favourite piece was kept carefully locked up: and he had not long to wait for his gratification: for the artist, while one day employed in examining his machine, was suddenly called down stairs; which the young enquirer happening to overhear, softly slipped into the room, inspected the machine, and, presently satisfying himself as to the secret, escaped undiscovered to his own apartment. His end thus compassed, he shortly after bid the artist farewell, and returned to his father in England.

About two or three years after his return from Ireland, he left Congleton, and entered into business for himself at Derby, where he soon got into great employment, and distinguished himself very much by several ingenious pieces of mechanism, both in his own regular line of business, and in various other respects, as in the construction of curious thermometers, barometers, and other philosophical instruments, as well as in ingenious contrivances for water-works, and the erection of various larger machines; being consulted in almost all the undertakings in Derbyshire, and in the neighbouring counties, where the aid of superior skill, in mechanics, pneumatics, and hydraulics, was requisite.

In this manner his time was fully and usefully employed in the country, till, in 1775, when the act being passed for the better regulation of the gold coin, he was appointed stamper of the money-weights; an office conferred upon him altogether unexpectedly, and without solicitation. Upon this occasion he removed to London, where he spent the remainder of his days, in the constant habits of cultivating some useful parts of philosophy and mechanism.

In 1778, Mr. Whitehurst published his Inquiry into the Original State and Formation of the Earth; of which a second edition appeared in 1786, considerably enlarged and improved; and a third in 1792. This was the labour of many years; and the numerous investigations necessary to its completion were in themselves also of so untoward a nature as at times, though he was naturally of a strong constitution, not a little to prejudice his health. When he first entered upon this species of research, it was not altogether with a view to investigate the formation of the earth, but in part to obtain such a competent knowledge of subterraneous geography as might become subservient to the

May the 13th, 1779, he was elected and admitted a fellow of the Royal Society. Before he was admitted a member, three several papers of his had been inserted in the Philosophical Transactions, viz. Thermometrical Observations at Derby, in vol. 57; An Account of a Machine for raising Water, at Oulton, in Cheshire, in vol. 65; and Experiments on Ignited Substances, vol. 66; which three papers were printed afterwards in the collection of his works in 1792.

In 1783, he made a second visit to Ireland, with a view to examine the Giant's Causeway, and other northern parts of that island, which he found to be chiefly composed of volcanic matter: an account and representation of which are inserted in the latter editions of his Inquiry. During this excursion he erected an engine for raising water from a well, to the summit of a hill, in a bleaching-ground at Tullidoi, in the county of Tyrone, which is worked by a eurrent of water.

In 1787, he published An Attempt toward obtaining Invariable Measures of Length, Capacity, and Weight, from the Mensuration of Time. His plan is to obtain a measure of the greatest length that conveniency will permit, from two pendulums whose vibrations are in the ratio of 2 to 1, and whose lengths coincide nearly with the English standard in whole numbers. The numbers which he has chosen show much ingenuity. On a supposition that the length of a second's pendulum, in the latitude of London, is 39 inches, the length of one vibrating 42 times in a minute must be 80 inches; and of another vibrating 8+ times in a minute must be 20 inches; and their difference 60 inches, or five feet, is his standard measure. By the experiments, however, the difference between the lengths of the two pendulum rods was found to be only 59-892 inches, instead of 60, owing to the error in the assumed length of the second's pendulum, 39 inches being greater than the truth, which ought to be 394 very nearly. By this experiment, Mr. Whitehurst obtained a fact, as accurately as may be in a thing of this nature, viz. the difference between the lengths of two pendulum rods whose vibrations are known. a datum, from whence inay be obtained, by calculation, the true lengths of pendulums, the spaces through which heavy bodies fall in a given time, and many other particulars relating to the doctrine of gravitation, the figure of the earth, &c.

Mr. Whitehurst had been at times subject to slight attacks of the gout, and he had for several years felt himself gradually declining. By an attack of that disease in his stomach, after a struggle of two or three months, it put an end to his laborious and useful life, on the 18th of February, 1788, in the 75th year of his age, at his house in Bolt-court, Fleetstreet; being the house in which another emi

nent self-taught philosopher, Mr. James Ferguson, had immediately before him lived and died.

WHITELIVERED. a. (from white and liver.) Envious; malicious; cowardly.

WHITELY. a. (from white.) Coming near to white (Southern).

WHITEMEAT. s. (white and meat.) Food made of milk (Spenser).

WHITE MOUNTAINS, the highest part of a ridge of mountains, in the state of New Hampshire, in N. America. They extend N.E. and S.W.; and their height above an adjacent meadow is 5500 feet; and the meadow is 3500 feet above the level of the sea. The snow and ice cover thein nine or ten months in the year; and during that time they exhibit the bright appearance from which they are denominated the White Mountains. Although they are 70 miles inland, they are seen many leagues off at sea, and appear like an exceedingly bright cloud in the horizon. Their highest summit is in lat, 44° N.

T. WHITEN. v. a. (from white.) To make white (Temple).

To WHITEN. v. n. To grow white (Smith). WHITENER. s. (from whiten.) One who makes any thing white. WHITENESS. s. (from white.) 1. The state of being white; freedom from colour (Newton). 2. Paleness (Shakspeare). 3. Purity; cleanness (Dryden).

WHITE SEA, a bay of the Frozen ocean, in the N. part of Russia, on the E. side of which stands the city of Archangel.

WHITEWASH. s. (white and wash.) 1. A wash to make the skin seem fair (Addison). 2. A kind of liquid plaster with which walls are whitened (Harte).

WHITE-WASHING, is the act of cleans ing ceilings and walls, with a solution of lime in water, to which a little size is occasionally added.

The practice of white-washing apartments eminently contributes to the preservation of health; hence we would recommend the proprietors of cottages to enjoin their tenants regularly to perform this operation, at least once annually. In countries abounding with lime, the expence will be trifling; and, even though this article should be purchased, the whole cost will not exceed one shilling. It ought to be remarked, however, that hot or quick-lime is preferable to any other, and must be employed as soon as possible after it is slacked; for, by attending to this circumstance, its effects in destroying vermin, and removing infection, will be considerably increased.

WHITFIELD, or WHITEFIELD (George), one of the first and most celebrated preachers among the methodists, was born in 1714, at the Bell inn, in Gloucester, which was then kept by his mother. He received his education at the grammar-school of Gloucester, and afterwards became servitor of Pembroke college, Oxford. At the age of twenty-one, the fame of his piety recommended him so effectually to Dr. Benson, bishop of Gloucester, that he

offered him ordination, which he accepted, and applied himself most indefatigably to the duties of his character, preaching daily in prisons, fields, and open streets, wherever he thought there would be a chance of making proselytes. Having made himself universally known in England, he embarked for America, where the tenets of methodism had begun to spread very fast under his friends, John and Charles Wesley. Here he gained many converts, and instituted the orphan-house at Georgia. After a long and successful course of itinerant preaching, his fortune improved as his fame increased, and he erected two extensive buildings for public worship; one in Tottenham-court-road, and the other in Moorfields, where, with the help of some assistants, he continued for several years, attended by overflowing congregations; he had also establishments of the same kind in various parts of the kingdom, besides being connected, as chaplain to the countess dowager of Huntingdon, with several chapels built under her patronage. By a lively, fertile, and penetrating genius, by the most unwearied zeal, and by a forcible and persuasive delivery, he never failed to produce a good effect upon his crowded and admiring audiences. America, however, which had constantly engaged much of his attention, was destined to close his eyes, and he died at Newbury, about 40 miles from Boston, in New England, in 1770. His sermons and other works are well known.

WHITHER. a. (hpysen, Saxon.) 1. To what place? interrogatively (Dryden). 2. To what place: absolutely (Milton). 3. To which place: relatively (Clarendon). 4. To what degree: obsolete (Ben Jonson).

WHITHERITE, in mineralogy, a native carbonat of barytes; colour yellowish-grey, passing into greyish-white and pale wax-yellow: it is found massy, disseminated, rarely crystallized, at Anglezach in the north of Lancashire, at Schlangenburg in Siberia, and near Neuburg in Upper Stiria.

WHITHERSOEVER. ad. (whither and soever.) To whatsoever place (Taylor). WHITING, in ichthyology. See GADUS. WHITING (Pout), in ichthyology. See

GADUS.

WHITISH. a. (from white.) Somewhat white (Boyle).

WHITISHNESS. s. (from whitish.) The quality of being somewhat white (Boyle).

WHITLEATHER. s. (white and leather.) Leather dressed with alum, remarkable for toughness (Chapman).

WHITLOW. See SURGERY.

WHITLOW-WORM, in helminthology. See GORDIUS.

WHITSUN-FARTHINGS, otherwise called Smoke-farthings or Quadrantes Pentecostales, a composition for offerings which were anciently made in Whitsun-week by every man in England, who occupied a house with a chimney, to the cathedral church of the diocese in which he lived.

WHITSUNDAY, a solemn festival of the Christian church, observed on the fiftieth day

after Easter, in memory of the descent of the Holy Ghost upon the apostles in the visible appearance of fiery cloven tongues, and of those miraculous powers which were then conferred upon them. It is called Whitsunday, or WhiteSunday; because this being one of the stated times for baptism in the ancient church, those who were baptised put on white garments, as types of that spiritual purity they received in baptism. As the descent of the Holy Ghost upon the apostles happened upon the day which the Jews called Pentecost, this festival retained the name of Pentecost among the early Christians.

The origin of this feast is by Epiphanius carried as high as the time of the apostles. The passage, however, (Acts xx. 16.) to which he refers, in proof of his position, has been usually taken in another sense. But it was doubtless observed in the time of Origen; for he speaks of it in his books against Celsus, lib. 8. Tertullian also mentioned it before him in his book on Idolatry, cap. 14. And Irenæus, before either of them, that is, about A.D. 180, mentioned it in his book concerning Easter; as the author of the Questions, under the name of Justin Martyr, informs us; Qu.

115.

WHITSUNTIDE ISLAND, one of the New Hebrides, in the Pacific ocean. It is 12 miles long and five broad, and was discovered by captain Wallis, on Whitsunday, 1767. Lon. 168. 20 E. Lat. 15. 44 S. WHITTLE. s. (hpýzel, Saxon.) white dress for a woman: not in use. knife (Shakspeare).

1. A 2. A

1.

To WHITTLE. v. a. (from the noun.) To cut with a knife. 2. To edge; to sharpen: not used (Hakewill).

WHITTLEBURY FOREST, a forest in the S. part of Northamptonshire, nine miles in length, and, in some parts, above three in breadth. Here the wild cat is still found. In 1685, the first duke of Grafton was appointed hereditary ranger of this forest, in which the present duke has a fine seat, called Wakefield Lodge.

To WHIZ. v. a. (from the sound.) To make a loud humming noise (Shakspeare).

WHO. pronoun. genitive whose; other cases whom. (hpa, Saxon; wie, Dutch.) 1. A pronoun relative, applied to persons (Abbot). 2. Which of many (Locke). 3. As who shall say, elliptically for as one who should say (Collier). 4. It is used often interrogatively (Psalms).

WHOEVER. pronoun. (who and ever.) Any one without limitation or exception (Pope).

WHOLE. a. (palg, Saxon; heel, Dutch.) 1. All; total; containing all (Shakspeare). 2. Complete; not defective (Waller). 3. Uninjured; unimpaired (Samuel). 4. Well of any hurt or sickness (Joshua).

WHOLE. S. 1. The totality; no part omitted; the complex of all the parts (Broome). 2. A system; a regular combination (Pope). WHOLESALE. s. (whole and sale.) 1.

Sale in the lump, not in separate small parcels. 2. The whole inass (Watts).

WHOLESALE. a. Buying or selling in the lump, or in large quantities (Addison). WHOLESOME. a. (heelsam, Dutch; from hæl, Saxon, health.) 1. Sound (Atterbury). 2. Contributing to health (Addison). 3. Preserving; salutary: obsolete (Psalms). 4. Useful; conducive to happiness or virtue (Denham). 5. Kindly; pleasing (Shakspeare). WHOLESOMELY. ad. Salubriously;

salutiferously.

some.)

WHOLESOMENESS. s. (from whole1. Quality of conducing to health; salubrity (Graunt). 2. Salutariness; conduciveness to good.

WHO'LLY. ad. (from whole.) 1. Completely; perfectly (Dryden). 2. Totally; in all the parts or kinds (Bacon).

WHOM. The accusative of who, singular and plural.

WHO'MSOEVER. pron. (oblique case of whosoever.) Any without exception (Locke). WHOO BUB. s. Hubbub (Shakspeare). WHOOP. s. See Hoop. 1. A shout of pursuit (Addison). 2. (upupa, Latin.) A bird.

To WHOOP. v.n. (from the noun.) To shout with malignity (Shakspeare).

TO WHOOP. v. a. To insult with shouts (Dryden)

WHORE. s. (hoɲ Saxon; hoere, Dutch.) 1. A woman who converses unlawfully with men; a fornicatress; an adultress; a strumpet (Ben Jonson). 2. A prostitute; a woman who receives men for money (Dryden).

To WHORE. v. n. (from the noun). Το converse unlawfully with the other sex (Dryden).

To WHORE. v. a. To corrupt with regard to chastity (Congreve).

WHOREDOM. s. (from whore.) Fornication (South).

WHOREMASTER. WHOREMO'NGER. S. (whore and master, or monger.) One who keeps whores, or converses with a fornicatress (Shakspeare).

WHO'RESON. s. (whore and son.) A bastard (Shakspeare).

WHO'RISH. a. (from whore.) Unchaste; incontinent (Shakspeare).

WHORTLEBERRY BEARS. See UVA

IDEA.

WHOSE. 1. Genitive of who. (Shakspeare). 2. Genitive of which. (Prior).

WHO SO. WHOSOEVER. pronoun. (who and soever.) Any, without restriction. Whoso is out of use (Bacon. South).

WHURT. s. A whortleberry; a bilberry (Carew).

WHY. ad. (hp, Fonhpi, Saxon.) 1. For what reason? interrogatively (Swift). 2. For which reason: relatively (Boyle). 3. For what reason: relatively (Milton). sometimes used emphatically (South). WHYNN DYKES, in mineralogy, dykes,

4. It is