Dublin, where he passed an act to attaint two or three thousand Protestant lords, ladies, clergymen, and gentlemen, of high treason. In the mean time the siege of Londonderry was vigorously carried on. The garrison of Inniskilling, at the same time, did wonders; particularly the day before the siege of Derry was raised, they advanced near twenty miles to meet about 6000 Irish, and defeated them, killing near 3000, though they themselves were not above 2000, and had not above 20 killed and 50 wounded. In August the duke of Schomberg arrived in Ireland with 10,000 men, took Carrickfergus in four days, and performed other acts of bravery and conduct. In June, 1690, king William landed in Ireland with a illant army, and on the 1st of July fought e e mer rable battle of the Boyne, in which gained a complete victory over the French and Irish, and obliged king James to retire to Dublin, and make all the haste he could back to France. King William also proceeded to Dublin, and thence to England. The next year the English, under the brave general Ginkle, made themselves masters of Ballimore, with incredible bravery passed the Shannon amidst the fire of the enemy, and took Athlone, and the 12th of July fought the glorious battle of Aghrim, wherein 4000 Irish, and their general St. Ruth, were slain, and all their tents, arms, &c. taken, After this entire defeat, Galway surrendered, and Limerick capitulated: and thus an end was put to the war in Ireland. About this time king William formed a grand aliance against Louis XIV. and commanded the allied armies in several battles in Flanders; till at length the French acknowledged him king of England, by the treaty of Ryswick, concluded in 1697. Being thrown from his horse, his collar-bone was dislocated, and he died the 8th of March 1702, in the 14th year of his reign, and the 52d of his age, and was interred next to his queen, who had died before him, in Henry VII.'s chapel. He left no issue. WILLIAM (Fort). See CALCUTTA. WILLIAM (Fort), a fort of Scotland, in the County of Inverness, at the extremity of Loch Linne, where that arm of the sea bends to the W. and forms Loch Eil. It is of a triangular figure, and 64 miles S. W. of Inverness. WILLIAM HENRY, a town of Lower Canada, situate at the conflux of the Sorel with the St. Lawrence. It has a protestant and a Roman catholic church. The principal channel of intercourse with this country and the United States is through this town. It is 40 miles N.E. of Montreal, and 120 S.W. of Quebec. Lon. 73. 22 W. Lat. 45. 55 N. WILLIAMSBOROUGH, a town of N. Carolina, chief of Granville county, with a flourishing academy. It has a brisk trade with the back country, and stands on a creek that flows into the Roanoke, 50 miles W.N.W, of Halifax. WILLIAMSBURG, a town of Virginia, formerly the capital of that state. It is situate between two creeks; one flowing into James, and the other into York river; and the distance of each landing place is about a mile from the town, The college of William and Mary is fixed here; but since the removal of the seat of government, this and other public buildings are much decayed. It is 60 miles E.S.E. of Richmond. Lon. 77. 3 W. Lat. 37, 10 N. WILLIAMSPORT, a town of Maryland, in Washington county, seated on the Potomac, at the mouth of Conegocheaque creek, six miles S.W. of Elisabethtown, and 75 N.N.W. of Washington, WILLIAMSTADT, a strong seaport of Dutch Brabant, built by William I. prince of Orange, in 1585. It is one of the keys of Holland, is well built, and has a good harbour. This place made a gallant defence, in 1793, against the French, who were obliged to raise the siege; but it surrendered to them in 1795. It stands on that part of the Meuse called Butterfliet, 15 miles W.N.W. of Breda. Lon. 4. 30 E. Lat. 51, 39 N. WILLICHIA, in botany, a genus of the class triandria, order monogynia. Calyx fourcleft; corol four-cleft; capsule two-celled, many-seeded, One species, a Mexican plant, with creeping, branched, hairy stem, alternate hairy leaves, beneath reddish; hairy calyx: flowers small, rosy. WILLING. a. (from will.) 1. Inclined to any thing; consenting (Bentley), 2. Pleased; desirous (Milton). 3. Favourable; well disposed to any thing (Exodus). 4. Ready; complying (Hooker). 5. Chosen (Milton). 6. Spontaneous (Dryden). 7. Consenting (Mill.). WILLINGLY. ad. (from willing.) With one's own consent; without dislike; without reluctance (Milton), 2. By one's own desire (Addison), WILLINGNESS. s. (from willing.) Consent; freedom from reluctance; ready com pliance (Calamy). WILLOW (Common). See SALIX. WILLOW (French). See EPILOBIUM. TICA. Lythrum. See LYSIMACHIA and WILLOW-HERB (Rosebay). See RoSEBAY WILLOW-HERB. WILLOW-LEAVED OAK. See QUERCUS PHELLOS. WILLOW (Weeping). See BABYLONICA. WILLUGHBEIA, in botany, a genus of the class pentandria, order monogynia. Corol twisted, salver-shaped; stigma capitate; gourd one or two-celled. Two species, an erect tree and climbing shrub of Guiana. WILLUGHBY (Francis), a celebrated natural historian, was the only son of sir Francis Willughby, knight. He was fond of study from his childhood, and held idleness in abhorrence; he being so great an economist with regard to his time, as not willing to lose or misapply the least part of it, by which means he attained great skill in all branches of learning, and particularly in the mathematics. But observing that the history of animals was in a great measure neglected by his countrymen, he particularly applied himself to that province; and for this purpose carefully read over what had been written on that subject by others. He then travelled several times over his native country; and afterwards into France, Spain, haly, Germany, and the Low countries, at tended by his ingenious friend Mr. John Ray. It is remarkable, that notwithstanding the advantages of birth, fortune, and parts, he was as humble as any man of the meanest fortune; was sober, temperate, and chaste; scrupulously just; so true to his word and promise, that a man might venture his estate and life upon it;, so faithful and constant to his friend, as never to desert him when fortune frowned upon him; and remarkably pious, patient, and submissive to the divine will. This is the character given of him by Mr. Ray, whose veracity none will doubt. This ingenious and learned gentleman died in 1672, at 37 years of age; having impaired his health by his application. He wrote, 1.Ornithologiæ libri tres, folio, which was afterwards translated into English, with an Appendix by Mr. Ray, in folio. 2. Historia Piscium libri quatuor, folio. 3. Letters of Francis Willughby, Esq. added to Philosophical Letters between the learned Mr. Ray and several of his correspondents, published, in 8vo. by William Derham. 4. Several ingenious papers in the Philosophical Trans actions. WILMINGTON, a town of N. Carolina, in New Hanover county, capital of the district of its name. It has a considerable trade to the West Indies, and stands on the N.E. branch of cape Fear river, 34 miles from the sea, and 90 S.S.W. of Newbern. Lon. 78. 20 W. Lat. 34. 5 N. WILMINGTON, a seaport of Delaware, in Newcastle county. Here are six edifices for public worship; and the town and its neighbourhood is deemed the greatest seat of manufactures in the United States. Almost the whole of the foreign exports of Delaware are from this place. It is situate on the N. side of Christiana creek, two miles W. of the river Delaware, and 28 S.W. of Philadelphia. Lon. 75. 40 W. Lat. 39. 43 N. WILMOT (John), ear! of Rochester, a great wit in the reign of Charles 11. the son of Henry earl of Rochester, was born in 1648. He was taught grammar and classical learning at the free-school at Burford; where he obtained a quick relish of the beauties of the Latin tongue, and afterwards became well versed in the authors of the Augustine age. In 1659 he was admitted a nobleman of Wadham college, where he obtained the degree of master of arts. He afterwards travelled through France and Italy; and at his return was made one of the gentlemen of the bed-chamber to the king, and comptroller of Woodstock park. In 1605 he went to sea, and was in the Revenge, com manded by sir Thomas Tiddiman, when an attack was made on the port of Bergen in Nor way: during the whole action he shewed the greatest resolution, and gained a high reputation for courage; which he supported in a second expedition, but afterwards lost it in a private adventure with lord Mulgrave. Before the earl of Rochester travelled, he had given in to the most disorderly and intemperate way of living; at his return, however, he seeined to have got the better of it entirely. But falling into the company of the courtiers, who continually practised these excesses, he became so sunk in debauchery, that he was for five years together so given up to drinking, that during all that time he was never cool enough to be master of himself. His violent love of pleasure, and his disposition to extravagant mirth, carried him to great excesses. The first involved him in sensuality, and the other led him into many adventures and ridiculous frolics. Once disguising himself so that he could not be known by his nearest friends, he set up in Tower-street for an Italian mountebank, and there dispersed his nostrums for some weeks. He often disguised himself as a porter, or as a beggar, sometimes to follow a mean amour; at other times, he would go about merely for diversion, in odd shapes; and acted his part so naturally, that he could not be known even by his friends. In short, by his constant indulgence in wine, women, and irregular frolics, he entirely wore out an excellent constitution before he was thirty years of age. In October, 1679, when recovering from a violent disease, which ended in a consumption, he was visited by Dr. Burnet, upon an intimation that such a visit would be agreeable to him. Dr. Burnet published at account of his conferences with lord Rochester; in which it appears, that though he had lived the life of a libertine and atheist, yet he died the death of a penitent Christian. His death happened in 1680; since which time his poems have been various times printed, both separately and toge her: but when once he obtained the character of a lewd and obscene writer, every thing in that strain was fathered upon him; and thus many pieces not of his writing have crept into the later editions of his works. The author of the Catalogue of Royal and Noble Authors says, he was a man whom the muses were foud to inspire, and ashamed to avow, and who practised without the least reserve that secret which can make verses more read for their defects than their merits. Lord Rochester's poems have much more obscenity than wit, more wit than poetry, and more poetry than politeness." His writings, besides those already mentioned, are, A Satire against Mankind; Nothing, a poem; Valentinien, a tragedy; Fifty-four letters to Henry Saville, and others: Seven more to hi Wife and Son: a Letter on his deathbed to Dr. Burnet. He also left behind him several other papers, and a History of the Intrigues of the Court of Charles II. but his mother, a very devout lady, ordered all his papers to be burned. an WILNA, the capital of Lithuania, in a palatinate of the same name, and a bishop's see, with a university, an ancient castle, and a royal palace. It stands on several little eminences, and has two considerable suburbs called Autokollo and Rudaiska. Here are upward of forty churches; and the magnificent one belonging to the castle has a very rich treasury. In 1748, a dreadful conflagration destroyed thirteen churches; and in 1749, another fire happened by lightning, which consumed six churches; besides these, the Jewish synagogue, the council-house, thirty-three palaces, numerous stone edifices, and other buildings were destroyed. The churches have been rebuilt, and some of them in a more elegant manner than before; but the city has not recovered its former grandeur. Wilna was taken by the Russians in 1794, and with its territory annexed to that empire. It is seated on the Wilna, 180 miles E. of Konigsburg, and 240 N.E. of Warsaw. Lon. 25. 28 E. Lat. 54. 41 N. WILSON (Dr. Thomas), bishop of Sodor and Man, born at Burton Wirrai, in Cheshire, in 1663. He went to Trinity college, Doblin, with a view to study physic; which he relinguished for divinity, and was ordained in 1686. In 1692, he became domestic chaplain to the earl of Derby, and preceptor to his son, lord Strange: he was so conscientious as to refuse a valuable rectory, in Yorkshire, on account of non-residence. The bishopric of the isle of Man was in a manner forced upon him, after it had laid vacant three years. He had already been created LL.D by archbishop Tennison. The revenues of the see are said to have been but 3001. a year in money, out of which, however, he spared a portion for the poor of his diocese. In 1690 he published a small tract in Manks and English (the first book ever printed in the Manks language) entitled, the Principles and Duties of Christianity. This worthy prelate died March 7, 1755, in the 93d of his age, and the 58th of his consecration. His works are printed in two volumes folio. His sermons have been published separately, first in four 8vo. volumes, and afterwards in four 12mo volumes. His Bible with notes, in 3 vols. 4to. WILTON, a borough in Wiltshire, governed by a mayor, with a market on Wednesday. It was formerly the capital of the county, but is now much reduced. Here is Wilton-house, the magnificent seat of the earl of Pembroke, in which is a celebrated collection of antiques. It has a manufacture of carpets and thin woollen stuffs, and is seated between the rivers Willy and Nadler, three miles W. by N. of Sali-bury, and 85 W. by S. of London. WILTSHIRE, a county of England, 53 miles long and 38 broad; bounded on the E. by Berkshire and Hampshire, S. by Hampshire and Dorsetshire, W. by Somersetshire, and N.W. and N. by Gloucestershire. It contains 821,120 acres; is divided into 29 hundreds, and 304 parishes; has one city and 23 markettowns; and sends 34 members to parliament. The number of inhabitants in 1801 was 185,107, and in 1811 was 193,828. The air is sharp on the hills in winter, but is mild during that season in the vales. The land in the N. parts is generally hilly and woody, but very fertile; here being made that kind of cheese which is so mush esteemed as North Wiltshire. In the S. it is rich and fertile. In the middle it chiefly consists of downs, that afford the best pasture for sheep; and in the vallies, which divide the downs, are cornfields and rich meadows. Its chief commodities are sheep, wool, wood, and stone; of this last there are excellent quarries on the banks of the Nadder, where some of the stones are 23 yards in length, and four in thickness, without a flaw. The chief manufactures are the different branches of the clothing-trade. The principal rivers are the Upper and Lower Avon, the Nadder, Willy, Bourn, and Kennet. Salisbury is the capital. WILY. a. (from wile.) Cunning; sly; full of stratagem; fraudulent (South). WIMBLE. s. (wimpel, old Dutch, from wemelen, to bore.) An instrument with which holes are bored (Sharp). WI'MBLE. a. Active; nimble; shifting to and fro (Spenser). WIMBREL, in ornithology. See ScoLOPAX. WIMMES, a town of Swisserland, in the canton of Bern, seated on the Sibnen, 18 miles S. of Bern. Lon. 7. 8 E. Lat. 46. 34 N. WIMPFEN, a free imperial town of Suabia, seated on the Neckar, eight miles N. of Hailbron, and 22 E. of Heidelberg. Lon. 9. 25 E. Lat. 49. 20 N. WIMPLE. s. (guimple, French.) A hood; a veil (Isaiah). To WIMPLE. v. a. To draw down as a hood or veil (Spenser). WIN, in the names of men, may denote a masculine temper, from the Saxon pia, war, strength, &e. or else love and esteem, from pine, dear, beloved. In the names of places, it implies a battle fought there (Gibson). To WIN. v. a. pret wan and won; part. pass. won (pinna, Saxon; winnen, Dutch.) 1. To gain by conquest (Milton). 2. To gain the victory in a contest (Denham). 3. To gain something withheld, or something valuable (Pope). 4. To obtain; to allure to kindness or compliance (Sidney). 5. To gain by play (Addison). 6. To gain by persuasion (Milt.). 7. To gain by courtship (Gay). To WIN. v. n. 1. To gain the victory (Milton). 2. To gain influence or favour (Dryden). 3. To gain ground (Shakspeare). 4. To be conqueror or gainer at play (Shak.). WINBORN, or WINBORN MINSTER, a town in Dorsetshire, with a market on Friday. It had a monastery, in which were interred the W. Saxon kings Etheldred and Sigeforth, and queen Ethelburga. Its noble church, called the Minster, was formerly collegiate. It is seated between the Stour and Allen, six miles N. of Poole, and 102 S.W. of London. Lon. 2. 1 W. Lat. 50. 47 N. WINCAUNTON, a town in Somersetshire, with a market on Wednesday, seated on the side of a hill, 24 miles S. of Bath, and 108 W. by S. of London. Lon. 2. 18 W. Lat. 51. 1 N. To WINCE. v. n. (gwingo, Welsh.) To kick, as impatient of a rider, or of pain (Shakspeare). WINCH. s. (guincher, French, to twist.) A windlace; something held in the hand by which a wheel or cylinder is turned (Mort). To WINCH. v. a. To kick with impatience; to shrink from any uneasiness (Shak.). WINCHCOMB, a town in Gloucestershire, with a market on Saturday. It was formerly noted for its abbey, whose mitred abbot sat in parliament. It is seated in a deep bottom, 16 miles N.E. of Gloucester, and 93 W.N.W. of London. Lon. 2.0 W. Lat. 51. 55 N. WINCHELSEA, a town in Sussex, one of the cinque ports. It was built in the reign of Edward I. when a more ancient town of the same name, which had 18 churches, and was distant about three miles, was swallowed up by the sea, in a terrible tempest. The new town being sacked by the French and Spaniards, and deserted by the sea, dwindled to a mean place; but it is governed by a mayor, and sends two members to parliament. It is seated on a rocky cliff, on an inlet of the sea, and had a haven, now choked up. Three of the gates are still standing, but much decayed. Winchelsea is two miles S. W. of Rye, and 71 S.W. of London. Lon. 0. 44 E. Lat. 50. 58 N WINCHENDON, a town of the United States, in Missaehusets. In October, 1795, it suffered considerable damage by a dreadful tornado It is situated on Miller's river, 60 miles N.W. of Boston. WINCHESTER, a city in Hampshire, with a market on Wednesday and Saturday. It is one mile and a half in circumference round the walls, which are greatly decayed, and through them are four gates. Here are six churches, beside the cathedral, a beautiful structure, in which were interred several Saxon kings and queens, whose bones were collected by bishop Fox, put into six small gilded coffins, and placed on a wall in the S. side of the choir. In this cathedral also is the marble coffin of William Rufus, and, among other monuments, are those of William of Wykeham, cardinal Beaufort, and Benjamin Hoadly, all bishops of this see. On a fine eminence, overlooking the eny, is the shell of a palace, built for Charles II. but never finished; in the late wars it was fitted up for the reception of prisoners of war, but is now inhabited by a great number of the French emigrant clergy. Near this palace is St. Mary's college, founded by William of Wykeham, for a warden, 70 scholars, 10 felJows, three chaplains, three clerks, a school master, usker, organist, and 16 choristers: the scholars are educated for New college, Oxford. Near the S. end of the city is the hospital of St. Cross, founded by a bishop of this see, for a master, nine poor brethren, and four out pensioners. All travellers, who call at that hospital, have a right to demand some bread and beer, which is always brought to them. Near the E. gate of the city is St. John's hospital, in the hall of which the corporation give their entertainments. Winchester was of great note in the time of the Saxons, and here Egbert was crowned the first sole monarch of England. Here Henry II. held a parliament, king John resided, Henry III. was born, Richard II. held a parliament, and Henry IV. was married, as was also queen Mary I. The city is governed by a mayor, and sends two members to parliament. It is seated in a valley on the river Itchen, 21 miles N.W. of Chichester, and 63 W. by N. of London. Lon. 1. 21 W Lat. 51. 5 N. WINCHESTER, a town of Virginia, with a great manufacture of hats and another of saddles. It is seated on the Potomac, 115 miles N. by W. of Richmond. Lon. 78. 22 E. Lat. 39. 15 N. WINCKELMAN (Abbé, John), a cele、 brated antiquarian, born at Stendall, in Brandenburg, in 1718. He was son of a shoemaker, but raised himself into celebrity by his industry and genius, and became finally president of antiquaries in the Vatican. His first public situation was that of professor in the college of Seehaussen, and he was afterwards, during seven years, librarian to count Bunau, at Nothenitz. In 1754 he went to Dresden, and in 1755 to Rome, where he enjoyed the friendship of Mengs, the painter, and the patronage of cardinals Albani and Passionei. The elector of Saxony, in 1761, gave him the direction of the royal cabinet of medals and antiquities at Dresden; and in 1762 he was appointed president of the antiquities of the apostolic chamber, and had splendid offers made him by the king of Prussia. He wrote the Critical Account of the Situation, Destruction, and Discoveries of Herculaneum, Pompeii, and Stubia, a work which obtained him so great reputation, that he was invited to Vienna in 1768, and received by the empress queen in the most gracious manner. Her majesty presented him with three valuable gold medals, one of her imperial majesty, another of the reigning emperor, and the third of the preceding emperor, Francis; a present which proved fatal to the receiver. Being arrived at Trieste on his way back to Rome, a traveller at the inn where he lodged requested to see these medals, and while Winckelman was opening the box which contained them, the villain threw a cord with a running knot round his neck in order to strangle him, but the knot stopping at his chin, he stabbed him in five different places with a knife. The unfortunate abbé being laid upon the bed, received the sacriment, made his will, and expired in the afternoon. This melancholy catastrophe nap pened on the 8th of June, 1768. In a few days the villain was apprehended, and broken alive on the wheel before the door of the inn where the murder of this learned and excellent man was perpetrated. He corresponded with all the learned men in Europe, and two volumes of his Letters have, since his death, been published at Amsterdam. His other works were a History of Art, and Monumenti Inediti. WIND. s. (pind, Saxon; wind, Dutch.) 1. Wind is when any tract of air moves from the place it is in, to any other, with an im petus sensible to us: wherefore it was not ill called by the ancients, a swifter course of air; a flowing wave of air; a flux, effusion, or stream of air (Muschenbroek). 2. Direction of the blast from a particular point (Shaks.). 3. Breath; power or act of respiration (Shaks.). 4. Air caused by any action (Milton). 5. Breath modulated by an instrument (Bacon). 6. Air impregnated with scent (Swift). 7. Flatulence; windiness (Milton). 8. Any thing insignificant or light as wind (Milton). 9. Down the WIND. To decay (L'Estrange); 10. To take or have the WIND. To gain or have the upper hand (Bacon). To WIND. v. a. pret, and part. wound. (pindan, Saxon; winden, Dutch.) 1. To blow; to sound by inflation (Dryden). 2. To turn round; to twist (Wollon). 3. To regulate in motion; to turn to this or that direction (Shakspeare). 4. To nose; to follow by scent. 5. To turn by shifts or expedients (Hudibras). 6. To. introduce by insinuation Shakspeare). 7. To change (Addison)., 8. To entwist to enfold; to encircle (Shaks.). 9. To WIND out. To extricate (Clarendon). 10. To WIND up. To bring to a small compass, as a bottom of thread (Locke). 11. To WIND up (used of a watch.) To convolve the spring (Shakspeare). 12. To WIND up. To put into a state of renovated or continued motion (Grew). 13. To WIND up. To raise by degrees (Hayward). 14. To WIND up. To straiten a string by turning that on which it is rolled; to put in tune (Waller). 15. To WIND up. To put in order for regular action (Shakspeare). To WIND. v. n. 1. To turn; to change (Dryden). 2. To turn; to be convolved (Moron). 3. To move round (Denham). 4. 4. To proceed in flexures (Shaks.). 5. To be extricated; to be disentangled (Milton). WIND, a sensible current in the atmosphere. The motions of the atmosphere are subject, in a certain degree, to the same laws as those of denser fluids. If we remove a portion of the water in a large reservoir, we see the surrounding water flow in to restore the equilibrium. If we impel, in any direction, a certain portion, an equal quantity moves in a contrary direction from the same cause. If a portion, being rarified by heat, or condensed by cold, ascends or descends, a counter-current in another part is the necessary and visible result. It is thus in the atmosphere. No wind can blow without a counter-current in an opposite direction; or arise without a previous destruction of the equilibrium, the general causes of which are: 1. The ascent of the air over certain tracts, heated by the sun. 2. Evaporation causing an actual increase in the volume of the atmosphere. 3. Rain, &c. causing an actual decrease in volume by the destruction of the vapour. Currents thus produced may be permanent and general, extending over a large portion of the globe; periodical, as in the Indian ocean; or variable, and as it were occasional, or at least uncertain, as the winds in temperate climates. General or permanent winds blow always nearly in the same direction. In the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, under the equator, the wind is almost always easterly; it blows, indeed, in this direction, on both sides of the equator to the latitude of 28°. More to the northward of the equator, the wind generally blows between the north and east; and the farther north we proceed, we find the wind to blow to a more northern direction; more to the southward of the equator it blows between the south and east; and the farther to the south, the more it comes in that direction. lat. in that tract which extends from 30° west Between the parallels of 28° and 40° south to 100° east longitude from London, the wind is variable, but it most frequently blows from be tween the N.W. and S.W. so that the outward bound East-India ships generally run down their easting on the parallel of 36° south. Navigators have given the appellation of tradewinds to these general winds. WINDS (Periodical). Those winds which blow in a certain direction for a time, and at certain stated seasons change, and blow for an equal space of time from the opposite point of the comof April, May, June, July, August, and Seppass, are called monsoons. During the months tember, the wind blows from southward over the whole length of the Indian ocean, viz. between the parallels of 28° N. and 28° S. lat. and between the eastern coast of Africa and the meridian which passes through the western part of Japan; but in the other months, October, November, December, January, February, and March, the winds in all the northern parts of the Indian ocean shift round, and blow directly contrary to the course they held in the former six months. For some days before and after the change, there are calms, variable winds, and tremendous storms, with thunder, &c. Philosophers differ in their opinions respecting the cause of these periodical winds; but a more probable theory of the general trade-winds is, that they are occasioned by the heat of the sun in the regions about the equator, where the air is heated to a greater degree, and consequently rarefied more than in the more northern parts of the globe. From this expansion of the air in these tropical regions, the denser air, in higher latitudes, rushes violently towards the equator from both sides of the globe. By this conflux of the denser air, without any other circumstances intervening, a direct northerly wind would be produced in the northern tropic, and a southern one in the other tropic; but as the earth's diurnal motion varies the direct influence of the sun over the surface of the earth, and as by that motion this influence is communicated from east to west, an easterly wind would be produced if this influence alone prevailed. On account of the cooperation of these two causes at the same time, the trade-winds blow naturally from the N.E. on the north, and from the S.E. on the south of the line, throughout the whole year; but as the sun approaches nearer the tropic of Cancer in our summer season, the point towards which these winds are directed will not be invariably |