and when you have bought it, then keep it. Whither I go ye know, and the way you know. Nay, do not look thus; it deeply moves me; and perchance you may be sorry for it by and by if not to-day, possibly to-morrow. it. Whereby you may gain a friend.

8.-THE CONJUNCTION.

Wherefore avoid

A conjunction is a word which connects the parts of a compound sentence. They are divided into two classes: the сорulative and the disjunctive.

1. The copulative are so called because they connect members or parts which express an addition, a cause or reason, a supposition, admission, or concession; as, William and James are in the country. People are happy because they are good. I will go, if you will follow.

The principal copulatives are, And, as, since, for, because, if, that, both.

2. The disjunctive are so called because they connect members or parts expressing opposition; as, Be not overcome of evil, but overcome evil with good.

The principal disjunctives are, But, or, nor, than, either, neither, yet, though, although, except, whether, unless, lest, savė, notwithstanding.

GENERAL NOTE ON CONJUNCTIONS.-Conjunctions, like adverbs of the conjunctive kind, and often by the assistance of adverbs, form three kinds of connections: the close, the compact, and the loose. (See close, compact, and loose sent., pp. 71-77.) 1. The close; as, John, William, and James, met yesterday in Clinton.

2. The compact; as, If he did it, then am I innocent. If he be proved guiltless in that, yet will he be criminal in this. Therefore ye receive me not, because ye know him not. It was he indeed, certainly, surely, doubtless, but what then? The following table of correlatives should be committed to memory.

Though- {Nevertheless.

3. The loose; as in the following sentences:

I would have your papers consist also of all things which may be necessary or useful to society; AND the mechanic arts should have their place as well as the liberal.

He has annexed a secret pleasure to any thing that is new

or uncommon, that he might encourage us in the pursuit after knowledge, and engage us to search into the wonders of creation; FOR every new idea brings such a pleasure with it, as rewards any pains we have taken in the acquisition, and consequently serves as a motive to put us on fresh discoveries.

The person he chanced to see was, to appearance, an old, sordid, blind man; BUT upon his following him from place to place, he at last found, by his own confession, that he was Plutus, the god of riches; AND that he was just come out of the house of a miser.

Besides this consideration, there is another of still higher importance; THOUGH I am not sure of its being attended to as it deserves.

Consider whether it can be illustrated to advantage by pointing out examples, or appealing to the feelings of the hearers; THAT thus a definite, precise, circumstantial view may be afforded of the doctrine to be inculcated.

EXERCISES ON THE CONJUNCTIONS.

He was at home, indeed, but engaged: if he had been at leisure, I would have saved much time, and some money; for I must now remain in the city a week longer; yet I cannot blame him. He went there that he might see him. Though he slay me, yet will I trust in him. Unless he should answer my letter, I am bound to stay. Except he agree to it, what can be done? Notwithstanding the time already occupied, and the money already spent, the enterprise must fail.

He was either sick or lazy. He was neither the one nor the other; but absent on a journey of some days' duration; and probably had no expectation of any thing of the kind. Forasmuch as he had nothing to pay, his lord commanded him to be sold; because such was the usage in that country; and as he was aware of this usage, he could not complain. He went round the house, lest he should be discovered; but, finding himself, notwithstanding the pains he had taken, face to face with his enemy, he was obliged either to run or fight; and as running was out of the question, he prepared for battle.

Though I speak with the tongues of men and of angels, and have not charity, I am become as sounding brass, or a tinkling cymbal.

Now, brethren, if I come to you speaking with tongues, what shall I profit you, except I shall speak to you either by revelation, or by knowledge, or by prophecy, or by doctrine? Now, this I say, brethren, that flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom of God; neither doth corruption inherit in

corruption. Now, concerning the collection for the saints, as I have given order to the churches of Galatia, even so do ye. The sting of death is sin; and the strength of sin is the law.

God is not the author of confusion, but of peace; as in all churches of saints. For which cause we faint not: but though our outward man perish, yet the inward man is renewed day by day.

9. THE PREPOSITION.

A preposition shows the relation of a word after it to a word before it; as, He went from Albany to New York; inferior to none; rich in grace; having it in my possession; going into the country; bought with a price; the house of my father.

OBS. 1. In the first example given above, the two nouns, Albany and New York, are equally related through the prepositions, from and to, to the verb went. Not only two, but many words, may in this manner be related to one.

OBS. 2. When a sentence is regularly constructed, the words related are on opposite sides of the preposition, as in the examples above. Sometimes, however, the parts of the sentence are transposed; and then the preposition precedes both of the related terms; as, In the character of Washington, we see much to admire. Character in this sentence is related through in to see. Again, the preposition is sometimes placed after the words it connects in relation; as, What place did he come from? Properly constructed this sentence would read thus: From what place did he come ?

OBS. 3. Sometimes not often, one of the related terms is understood; as, All shall know me, [reckoning] FROM the least to the greatest. Opinions and ceremonies [which] they would die FOR.

OBS. Some of the words in this list are occasionally conjunctions; as for, meaning because: some of them are occasionally adverbs; as when they express no relation to any thing subsequent.

EXERCISES ON THE PREPOSITIONS.

They are

This is known from several circumstances. found in all languages. The human race, under these circumstances, could not long exist. Thus we speak of a judge. Underneath the building, within six feet of the spot on which we stood, there is a vault. Below the city, and half-way be

At the

tween it and the mountain, runs a stream of water. base of the mountain stands a church, lifting its steeple above the noble grove of maple and beech by which it is surrounded: concerning this there can be no mistake; for, notwithstanding the usual liability to err, the circumstances were such as left an impression on my mind which cannot be effaced,until my death. Among other things, he said it was dark. Above this, upon the very summit of the hill, stood a temple, dedicated to Jupiter; which, since the year, has been gradually falling to ruin. For him I have nothing. Into this large 100m we entered: one behind the other, in what is called, I believe, Indian file.

10. THE INTERJECTION.

The interjection is a word which expresses strong and sudden emotion. This is the common definition. For a different one, as well as for a full description of the varieties of this part of speech, see Spontaneous exclamations. (See pp. 61–63.)

PART SECOND.

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF SENTENCES.

A PROPOSITION is a series of words expressing a complete thought. E. g. Omniscience is an attribute of God. A man who walks ten miles a day, will walk seventy in a week.

A SENTENCE is a series of words expressing one or more propositions.

Every sentence in the English language is either simple or compound.

1. A SIMPLE SENTENCE contains a single proposition, having but one subject and one finite verb; i. e. one verb and one noun or pronoun described by that verb. (See Part I., III. 5, Verb.) E. g. Jesus wept. Beauty is admired. Cæsar conquered the Gauls.

The number of words may be indefinitely increased without changing its simple character. In the third of the examples given, there is not only a subject, and a finite verb, but an object: "the Gauls." To this, we may add the time during which, "in a few months ;" and the time at which: " a little before the beginning of the Christian era." With this we may connect the means: 66 some thousands of men." We may

give Cæsar an attribute: "the immortal Cæsar." We may qualify the verb: "easily conquered." We may qualify even that qualification: "very easily." And so on. Comprising all these additions in one sentence we have the following: "The immortal Cæsar very easily conquered the Gauls in a few months, a little before the beginning of the Christian era, with some thousands of men;" which is still a simple sentence, because, notwithstanding the additions made to it, it has but one subject and one finite verb.

2. A COMPOUND SENTENCE is one which contains either a single proposition, having two or more subjects or finite verbs, or two or more propositions, connected by conjunctions, adverbs, or relative pronouns, expressed or understood.

(a.) When a single proposition only is expressed, that proposition is either absolute or conditional.

Examples of the absolute.`

Exercise and temperance strengthen the constitution. The animals turned, looked and ran away. Take off his chains and use him well. They rejected with contempt the ceremonious homage, which other sects substituted for the pure worship of the soul. He who is disposed to deny this, cannot have given much attention to the subject. Peace be with you all that are in Christ Jesus. God made man erect, rational, free, immortal.

Examples of the conditional.

Though he fall, he will rise again. As in Adam all died, so in Christ shall all be made alive. If he give me permission, I will go with you. When he comes, then you may go. People are happy, because they are good.

ОвS. 1. The parts of these sentences beginning with though, as, if, when, and because, express respectively the condition of the other parts with which they are connected.

OBS. 2. It is obvious that I use the term "conditional" here with a very extensive signification when I indicate by it the peculiar relation which the one part of each of these sentences bears to the other; but I can think of no better word to express the same meaning; and if it be understood that I mean by a conditional proposition one that always contains parts thus related, though sometimes not in the strict sense, conditionally, there will be no danger of mistake.

(b.) When two or more propositions are connected, these propositions may be either simple or compound, in the sense of the first half of the definition of compound sentences; i. e. they may be propositions, having either one subject and finite verb, or two or more subjects or finite verbs.

Examples of the first.

It was the third hour; and they crucified him. This is at best a shallow quality: in objects of eternal moment, it is poisonous to society.