THE FIELD BOOK.

JAR, v. To strike together with a kind of short rattle; to strike or sound untuneably.

JAUNDICE, S. A distemper from obstructions of the glands of the liver.

A peculiar yellowness of the membranes of liver also becomes loaded with blood, and per-
the eyes and mouth sometimes attends cer- forms its office imperfectly; the bile therefore
tain disorders, which have on that account seems to be forced back upon the circulation,
been named yellows, or jaundice. Those dis-or re-absorbed, and thus the blood and all the
orders consist in great heaviness of the head, secretions are tinged of a yellow colour. The
a peculiar languor and disinclination to mo- high colour of the membrane of the eye is
tion, yellowness, or a yellowish redness of the caused by the determination of blood to the
inner surface of the eyelids, while little or no head, when the blood is forced into vessels
dung is voided, and that little has mucus or which in health convey only a colourless and
slime on its surface; the urine is scanty, transparent fluid; and as the whole mass of
and high-coloured; in short there is great blood is loaded with bile, it appears in
torpor in all the organs of the body. This those minute vessels of a yellow colour: and
disorder generally happens towards autumn, generally that yellowness in the membranes
or the latter part of summer, and may be under the eyelids approaches towards redness,
caused, in some measure, by the heat of the or the colour of an orange. Bleeding is the
weather, as well as by feeding immoderately, first remedy in this disorder; nor should blood
especially upon hay, when it happens to be be taken off in small quantities at a time, from
remarkably good and sweet, such hay always a fear of increasing the animal's apparent
tempting a horse to eat immoderately; but weakness, which depends more upon the brain
it is produced by immoderate feeding upon being oppressed with blood than anything
any kind of hay, or even of corn. By this else, but in a full quantity, that is, to the ex-
excess of food, assisted by the heat of the tent of from one to two gallons, or until the
weather, the stomach is weakened, and the horse becomes faint. The bowels should then
bowels become torpid; the large bowels are be unloaded by means of clysters and a pur-
in consequence loaded with excrement, and gative ball.
the mesenteric veins with blood. Hence the"

JAW, 8. The bone of the mouth in which the teeth are fixed; the mouth.
JAY, (Corvus glandarius, LINN.; Le Geai, BUFF.) 8. A bird.

This beautiful bird is not more than thir-
teen inches in length. Its bill is black, eyes
white; the feathers on the forehead are white,
streaked with black, and form a tuft which it
can erect and depress at pleasure; the chin is
white, and from the corners of the bill on
each side proceeds a broad streak of black,
which passes under the eye,; the hinder part
of the bead, the neck, and the back, are of a
light cinnamon colour; the breast is of the
same colour, but lighter; lesser wing coverts
bay; the belly and vent almost white; the
greater wing coverts are elegantly barred with
lack, fine pale blue and white alternately;
the greater quills are black, with pale edges,
the bases of some of them white; lesser quills
black;
those next the body, chestnut; the
rump is white; tail black, with pale brown
edges; legs dirty pale brown.

in woods, and makes an artless nest, composed of sticks, fibres, and tender twigs; the female. lays five or six eggs, of a greyish ash colour, mixed with green, and faintly spotted with ones continue with their parents till the folbrown. Mr. Pennant observes, that the young lowing spring, when they separate to form acorus, nuts, seeds, and various kinds of new pairs. Birds of this species live on fruits; they will eat eggs, and sometimes destroy young birds in the absence of the old ones. When kept in a domestic state they tate a variety of words and sounds. We have may be rendered very familiar, and will imiheard one imitate the sound,made by the action of a saw so exactly, that though it was on a Sunday, we could hardly be persuaded that at work in the house, Another, at the apthe person who kept it, had not a carpenter The jay is a very common bird in Great proach of cattle, had learned to hound a cur Britain, and is found in various parts of Eu-dog upon them, by whistling and calling upon rope. It is distinguished as well for the beautiful arrangement of its colours, as for its harsh grating voice, and restless disposition. Upon seeing the sportsman, it gives by its cries the alarm of danger, and thereby defeats his aim and disappoints him. The jay builds ICHTHYOLOGY, 8. The doctrine of the nature of fish. JENNET, 8. A Spanish horse.

him by his name: at last, during a severe frost, the dog was, by that means, excited to attack a cow big 'with calf, when the poor animal fell on the ice, and was much burt: the jay was complained of as a nuisance, and its owner was obliged to destroy it.-Bewick.

JERK, 8. A smart quick lash; a sudden spring; a quick jolt that shocks

or starts.

JESSES, 8. Slips of light leather, seven or eight inches long, and a quarter of an inch wide, made fast to each of the hawk's legs. These are to be secured to a small swivel, fixed to the end of a thong of leather, three or four feet long, called a leash, so as easily to be detached from the swivel when the hawk is required to fly. The jesses are seldom removed from the bird's legs when once they have been put on. JET, S. A very beautiful fossil of a fine deep black colour

shoot of water.

JETTY, a. Made of jet; black as jet.

IGNITE, v. To kindle, to set on fire.

IGNITION, 8. The act of kindling, or of setting on fire.
IGNITIBLE, a. Inflammable, capable of being set on fire.

JIGOT, S. A leg; as, a jigot of mutton.

JILL, S. A measure of liquids.

ILIAC, a. Relating to the lower bowels.
IMBROWN, v. To make brown, to darken.
IMPING, 8.

a spout or

This curious process consists in attaching, corresponding point, and with the same slope. to the part that remains an exact substitute For the purpose of uniting them, he is profor the piece lost. For this purpose the fal- vided with an iron needle, with a broad trian. coner is always provided with pinious, (right|gular points at both ends; and after wetting and left,) and with tail-feathers of hawks, or the needle with salt and water, he thrusts it with the feathers separated from the pinion, into the centre of the pith of each part, as carefully preserved and numbered, so as to truly straight, and as nearly to the same length prevent mistake in taking a true match for in each as may be. When this operation has the injured feather. He then with a sharp been skilfully performed, the junction is so knife gently parts the web of the feather to be neat that an inexperienced eye would hardly repaired, at its thickest part, and cuts the discern the point of union; and as the iron shaft obliquely forward, so as not to damage the rusts, from having been wetted with brine, web on the opposite edge. He next cuts the there is little or no danger of separation.— substitute feather as exactly as possible at the Sebright.

IMPOSTHUME, 8. A collection of purulent matter in a bag or cyst.
INBRED, a. Produced within; hatched or generated within.

INCAGE, . To Coop up, to shut up; to confine in a cage, or any narrow

space.

INCH, 8. The twelfth part of a foot.

INCISION, 8. A cut, a wound made with a sharp instrument.

INCISOR, 8. Cutter, tooth in the forepart of the mouth.

INCORPORATE, v. To mingle different ingredients so as they shall make one mass; to unite, to associate, to embody.

INCUBATION, 8. The act of sitting upon eggs to hatch them.

Incubation. It is probable birds are endowed with an instinctive power of regulating the necessary beat for this purpose; of course should the heat of the air, together with the natural warmth of the body, on the close contact of the bird to the eggs, be too great, her feelings would dictate the necessity of leaving them for a time to cool. At the early period of incubation birds quit their eggs more frequently than at the time the fetus is more perfect. Yet, in the advanced state, the embryo young is not in more danger of being destroyed, if so much; for we have frequently found a living foetus in an egg that has been taken from the nest two days. If, however,

the young is within a few hours of being excluded, and the egg is suffered to be some time cold, it either dies, or becomes so weak as not to be able to extricate itself from the shell. Various degrees of heat will enlarge the embryo young. but regular heat seems necessary to its production; and yet artificial heat, regulated by the brooding of a bird, will not produce young with such certainty. In Egypt, a vast quantity of eggs are hatched by artificial heat in stoves. It is probable, however, one third or one fourth miscarry. The necessary heat for this purpose is about ninety-six degrees of Fahrenheit's thermometer, or thirty-two of Reaumur's scale.

THE FIELD BOOK.

birds frequently turn and change the situation of their eggs in the nest; besides this, it is possible that the moisture of the bird's body may assist the natural growth of the foetus and the production of the young.

*

mandibles, capable of great distension, in which they carry fish to their young. The bustard is said to possess a bag of an astonbut the most unaccountable and extraordinary ishing size, for the purpose of retaining water; The male birds of some species supply the formation in the trachea of many of the males place of the female on the nest; but then it is of the duck genus, called a labyrinth, is bgof short duration, and rarely, if ever, when yond our reach to discover the use of, as the eggs are near hatching; at that time the well as the singular flexure in the windpipe Attention during Incubation.-There is this female is frequently fed by the male. This of the hooping swan and crane. is not common to all species, but very conspicuous in the rook, the pigeon, and many distinction in the hen: in some, the desire of others. Many species of birds possess a re- sitting or incubation is predominant, which servoir for food, called a craw, or crop; this they will repeat to the fifth or sixth time in seems to answer the same purpose as the first the year, to their emaciation or almost destruc stomach in ruminating animals. Here it is tion: in others the desire is so slight, that the food is softened and prepared for the sto- they will probably sit but twice, or even once mach; from this reservoir it is by some eject-in the season, and then not steadily. It is ed for the purpose of feeding their young; conspicuous in the pigeon.

this variation of quality, the one kind furnish-
for the skilful breeder to take advantage of
ing plenty of eggs for the other to sit upon.

The rook has a small pouch under the It is proper to place corn and water beside tongue, in which it carries food to its young. It is probable the use of the craw may be ex- the sitting hen, whenever it may appear netended further than is generally imagined; for cessary, withdrawing them as soon as she is besides the common preparation of the food satisfied, not only to encourage steadiness of to assist its digestion in the stomach, there incubation, but to support the consitutions of are some species that actually secrete a lac- those in which the natural excitement, is so teal substance in the breeding season, which, powerful, that they will remain several sucmixing with the half-digested food, is ejected cessive days upon the nest, at the risk of famto feed and nourish the young. The mammæ, ishing. I have had instances of hens of this from which this milky liquor is produced, are description fainting outright, and appearing as dead, on their finally leaving the nest with situated on each side of the upper part of the the chickens, in a state of total emaciation, breast, immediately under the craw. In the having, probably, not eaten or drank more female turtle dove we have met with these than once in three or four days, during the glands tumid with milky secretion, and we believe it common to both sexes of the dove term of their incubation, twenty-one days. genus. The cormorant or pelican genus pos- The plan of feeding on the nest should be sess no craw; but, to supply its place, they Invariably pursued with all frequent sitters. have a loose skin at the base of the under-Montagu-Moubray. INCURABLE, a. Not admitting remedy, not to be removed by medicine; irremediable, hopeless.

INDIAN RUBBER, or CAOUTCHOUC, s. An elastic gum procured from a South American tree, called the Syphonia Uastica. It is mostly brought into Europe in the shape of bottles, which are formed by spreading the gum over moulds of clay.

INDIGO, S. A plant, by the Americans called anil, used in dyeing for a blue colour.

INFECT, v. To act upon by contagion; to fill with something hurtfully

contagious. INFECTION, S. Contagion, mischief by communication. INFLAME, v. To kindle, to set on fire; to heat the body morbidly with obstructed matter; to fire with passion.

INFLAMMATION, S. The act of setting on flame; the heat of any morbid
part occasioned by obstruction.
Inflammation is a disorder of the blood-| better; even turning the horse out, if the
vessels, depending upon their having too weather is dry, is perhaps the best situation
General inflammation is fever, of
much blood in them, or upon that blood being of any. Inflammation may be general or
impure and acrimonious, or upon the blood- local.
vessels themselves being in a diseased state. which there is but one kind in the horse, and
Cool air is always of service in inflamma- that may almost always be cured by early
tory diseases, and cold air is sometimes still and copious bleeding.-White.
INFLAMMATORY, a. Having the power of inflaming.

INFUSION, S. The act of pouring in; instillation; the act of steeping any
thing in moisture without boiling; the liquid made by infusion.

INS

INJECTION, S. The act of casting in; any medicine made to be injected by a syringe, or other instrument, into any part of the body. INNINGS, S. Lands recovered from the sea; term in cricket.

INOCULATION, 8. The practice of transplanting the small-pox, by infusion of the matter from ripened pustules into the veins of the uninfected.

INSECT, S. Insects are so called from a separation in the middle of their bodies, whereby they are cut into two parts, which are joined together by a small ligature, as we see in wasps and common flies. INSNARE, v. To entrap, to catch in a trap, gin, or snare.

INSTINCT, 8. The power which determines the will of brutes; a desire or aversion in the mind, not determined by reason or deliberation.

They who write on natural history cannot too frequently advert to instinct, that wonderful limited faculty, which, in some instances, raises the brute creation as it were above reason, and in others leaves them so far below it.

It has been remarked that every species of bird has a mode of nidification peculiar to itself; so that a schoolboy would at once pronounce on the sort of nest before him. is the case among fields and woods and wilds; This but, in the villages round London, where mosses and gossamer, and cotton from vegetables, are hardly to be found, the nest of the chaffinch has not that elegant, finished appearance, nor is it so beautifully studded with lichens, as in a more rural district; and the wren is obliged to construct its house with straws and dry grasses, which do not give it that rotundity and compactness so remarkable in the edifices of that little architect. Again, the regular nest of the house martin is hemispheric; but where a rafter, or a joist, or a cornice, may happen to stand in the way, the nest is so contrived as to conform to the obstruction, and becomes flat, or oval, or compressed,

perhaps impossible, to define where instinct It is no doubt exceedingly difficult, and ends, and reason begins, in animals. But that some of them are endowed with a faculty which does not come under the usual notion choose to call it, will, I think, hardly allow of instinct, by what other name we may of a dispute. This, as it strikes me, appears in the different degrees of intelligence which one species of animal above another, as the we are accustomed to recognize as elevating half-reasoning elephant for instance, and the friend of man, the dog, above numberless others. Now, instinct of one tribe, one would think, as much as in another, must be full and perfect, and would not admit of our considering the degree of intelligence manifested in one species as higher or lower than that possessed by another. Again: much more must we conceive that the proper instinct of any species will be fully, and therefore equally, possessed by all individuals of that species. How, then, upon the notion of mere instinct, shall we account for that superiority of intelligence, which is found in one individual, to others of the same species, la the following instances instinct is per-ployed about, or in any way in the habit of and which is familiar to those who are emfectly uniform and consistent. vation which appears to me most decidedly conversing with, animals? But the obserexceeding the measure and character of to carry the faculties of animals to something instinct, is that of the new and ingenious contrivances to which they will often have recourse in situations, and upon occasions, much too accidental and peculiar to admit of templated and provided against in the regular our imagining that they could have been coninstinct of the whole species. This we should naturally be disposed to conceive must have been given to regulate the ordinary habits of the animals, and adapted to those exigencies of their mode of life which are continually occurring, not to such as do rarely, and might, one would be tempted to say, never occur. A few instances will, perhaps, better explain what I mean, and carry more persuasion than my argument.

three creatures, the squirrel, the field-mouse, There are and the bird called the nuthatch (Sitta Eu. ropea) which live much on hazel-nuts; and yet they open them each in a different way. The first, after rasping off the small end, splits the shellin two with his long fore-teeth, as a man does with his knife: the second nibbles a hole with his teeth, as regular as if drilled with a wimble, and yet so small that one would wonder how the kernel could be extracted through it; while the last picks an irregular ragged hole with its bill: but as this artist has no paws to hold the nut firin while he pierces it, like an adroit workman, he fixes it, as it were, in a vice, in some cleft of a tree, or in some crevice; when, standing over it, he perforates the stubborn shell. We have often placed nuts in the chink of a gate-post where nuthatches have been known to haunt, and have always found that those birds have readily penetrated them. at work they make a rapping noise that may While be heard at a considerable distance.

I was one day feeding the poor elephant Exeter 'Change) with potatoes, which he (who was so barbarously put to death at took out of my hand. One of them, a round

one, fell on the floor, just out of the reach of his proboscis. He leaned against his wooden bar, put out his trunk, and could just touch the potato, but could not pick it up. After several ineffectual efforts, he at last blew the potato against the opposite wall with sufficient force to make it rebound, and he then, without difficulty secured it. Now it is quite clear, I think, that instinct never taught the elephant to procure his food in this manner; and it must, therefore, have been reason, or some intellectual faculty, which enabled him to be so good a judge of cause and effect. Indeed, the reflecting power of some animals is quite extraordinary. I had a dog who was much attached to me, and who, in consequence of his having been tied up on a Sunday morning, to prevent his accompanying me to church, would conceal himself in good time on that day, and I was sure to find him either at the entrance of the

church, or, if he could get in, under the place where I usually sat.

A gentleman, a good shot, lent a favourite old pointer to a friend who had not much to accuse himself of in the slaughter of partridges, however much he might have frightened them. After ineffectually firing at some birds which the old pointer had found for him, the dog turned away in apparent disgust, went home, and never could be persuaded to accompany the same person afterwards.

I have been often much delighted with watching the manner in which some of the old bucks in Bushy Park contrive to get the berries from the fine thorn-trees there. They will raise themselves on their hind legs, give a spring, entangle their horns in the lower branches of the tree, give them one or wo shakes, which make some of the berries fall, and they will then quietly pick them up.White's Selborne-Jesse.

INSULAR, a. Belonging to an island. INTERMEW, S. The change of a hawk's colour from red to white the second year.

INTESTINA, 8. An order in the Linnæan system of the class Vermes, including earthworms and leeches.--Crabbe.

INTESTINES, 8. The guts, the bowels.

JOCKEY, A person that rides horses in the race; a man that deals in horses.

JOCKEY, v. To jostle by riding against one; to cheat, to trick to ride; to ride unfairly.

JOINT, 8. Articulation of limbs, juncture of moveable bones in animal bodies; hinge; a knot in a plant. Out of joint, luxated, slipped from the socket, or corresponding part where it naturally moves. JOURNEY, S. The travel of a day; travel by land. IPEACCUANHA, J. An Indiau plant.

Ipecacuanha is sometimes employed as an expectorant in chronic cough, and asthmatic

affections, and I believe with good effect when joined with squills, ammoniacum,&c.-White.

IRIS, 8. The rainbow; the circle round the pupil of the eye, which is striped and variegated.

Hanging from the upper edge of the pupil of the horse, are found two or three round black bodies, as large as millet seeds. When the horse is suddenly brought into an intense light, and the pupil is closed, these bodies present a singular appearance, being squeezed out from between the edges of the iris. An equal number, but much smaller, are attached to the edge of the lower portion of the iris. Their general use is probably to intercept portions of light which would be troublesome or injurious; but their principal function is accomplished during the act IRISH HORSE, 8.

In some of the rich grazing counties, as Meath and Roscommon, a large long blood horse is reared of considerable value, but he seldom has the elegance of the English horse; he is larger headed, more leggy, ragged-hip

of grazing. They are larger on the upper edge of the iris, and are placed on the outer side of the pupil, evidently to obstruct the light in those directions in which it would come with the greatest force, both from above and even from below, while at the same time, the field of view is perfectly open, as far as it regards the pasture on which the horse is grazing.

The colour of the iris is, in some unknown way, connected with this black point behind, Wall-eyed horses, whose iris is white. have po uvea.-The Horse.

ped, angular, yet with great power in the quarters, much depth beneath the knee, stout and hardy, full of fire and courage, and the best leaper in the world.

The Irish horse is generally smaller than

BB