swer.

Examp. 3.-Required to find at what rate of interest an annuity of £20 will amount to £1000, forborne for twenty-eight years.

Here 1000 divided by twenty gives fifty as before. Then looking along the line of twentyeight years for the nearest to this number fifty, I find 49-96758 in the column of four per cent. which is therefore the rate of interest required.

THE USE OF TABLE II.

Examp. 1.-To find the present value of an annuity of £50 which is to continue twenty years at three and a half per cent.

By the table the present value of £1. for the same rate and time is 14-21240; therefore, 14-21240 × 50 710-621., or £710. 12s. 4d. is the present value sought.

Examp. 2.-To find the present value of an annuity of £20 to commence twenty years hence; and then to continue for forty years, or to terminate fifty years hence, at four per cent in

terest.

To the docrine of certain annuities it does not appear that any material additions can be made. The best modern writings on the subject are, unquestionably, those of Mr. Milne and Mr. Bailey.

ANNUITIES, GOVERNMENT. Borrowing upon annuities is one of the methods employed by civilised governments for raising supplies. Of this there are two methods; that of borrowing upon annuities for terms of years, and that of borrowing upon annuities for lives. During the reign of king Williama and queen Anne, large sums were frequently borrowed upon annuities for terms of years, which were sometimes longer and sometimes shorter. In 1693 an act was passed for borrowing one million upon an annuity of fourteen per cent., or £140,000 a year for sixteen years. In 1691 an act was passed for borrowing a million upon annuities for lives, upon terms which in the present times would appear very advantageous. But the subscription was not filled up. In the following year the deficiency was made good by borrowing upon annuities for lives at fourteen per cent. or at little more than seven years' purchase. In 1695, the persons who had purchased these annuities were allowed to exchange them for others of ninety

of fourteen per cent. for life, and fourteen per cent. for ninety-six years, was sold for sixty-three pounds, or four years' and a half purchase. Such was the supposed instability of government, that even these terms procured few purchasers, In the reign of queen Anne, money was upon different occasions borrowed both upon annuities for lives and upon annuities for terms of thirtytwo, of eighty-nine, of ninety-eight, and of ninetynine years. In 1719 the proprietors of annuities for thirty-two years were induced to accept in lieu of them South Sea stock to the amount of seven and a half years' purchase of the annuities, together with an additional quantity of stock equal to the arrears which happened then to be due upon them. In 1720 the greater part of the other annuities for terms of years both long and short were subscribed into the same fund. The long annuities at that time amounted to £666,421. 8s. 3§d. a year. On the 5th of January, 1775, the remainder of them, or what was not £136,153. 12s. 8d. During the two wars which subscribed at that time, amounted only to began in 1739, and in 1755, little money was borrowed either upon annuities for terms of years, or upon those for lives. An annuity for ninety-eight or ninety-nine years, however, is worth nearly as much money as a perpetuity, and should, therefore, one might think, be a fund for borrowing as much. But those who, in order to make family settlements, and to provide for remote futurity, buy into the public stocks, would not care to purchase into one of which the value was continually diminishing; and such people make a considerable proportion both of the proprietors and purchasers of stock. An annuity for a long term of years therefore, though its intrinsic value may be very nearly the same with that of a perpetual annuity, will not find nearly the same number of purchasers. The subscribers to a new loan, who mean generally to sell their subscription as soon as possible, prefer greatly a perpetual annuity redeemable by parliament, to an irredeemable annuity for a long term of years of only equal amount. The value of the former may be supposed always the same, or very nearly the same; and it makes, therefore, a more convenient transferable stock than the latter. During the two last-mentioned wars, annuities, either for terms of years or for lives, were seldom granted but as premiums to the subscribers to a new loan, over and above the redeemable annuity or interest upon the credit of which the loan was supposed to be made. They were granted, not as the proper fund upon which the money was borrowed, but as an additional encouragement to the lender. Aunuities for lives have occasionally been granted in two different ways; either upon separate lives, or upon lots of lives, which in French are called Tontines, from the name of their invento When annuities are granted upon separate lives, the death of every individual annuitant disburdens the public revenue so far as it was affected by his annuity. When annuities are granted upon tontines, the liberation of the public revenue does not commence till the death of all the annuitants comprehended in one

lot, which may sometimes consist of twenty or thirty persons, of whom the survivors succeed to the annuities of all those who die before them; the last survivor succeeding to the annuities of the whole lot. Upon the same revenue more money can be raised by tontines than by annuities for separate lives. An annuity with a right of survivorship, is really worth more than an equal annuity for a separate life; and from the confidence which every man naturally has in his own good fortune, the principle upon which is founded the success of all lotteries, such an annuity generally sells for something more that it is worth. In countries where it is usual for government to raise money by granting annuities, toatines are upon this account generally preferred to annuities for separate lives. The expedient which will raise most money, is almost always preferred to that which is likely to bring in the speediest manner the liberation of the public revenue. In France, before the late revolution, a much greater proportion of the public debts consisted in annuities for lives than in England. According to a memoir presented by the parliament of Bourdeaux to the king in 1764, the whole public debt of France was estimated at 2400 million of livres; of which the capital, (for which annuities for lives has been granted,) was supposed to amount to 300 millions, the eighth part of the whole public debt. The annuites themselves were computed to amount to thirty millions a year, the fourth part of 120 millions, the supposed interest of the whole debt. It was not the different degrees of anxiety in the two governments of France and England for the liberation of the revenue, which occasioned this difference in their respective modes of borrowing; it arose altogether from the different views and interests of the lenders. In the former, the moneylenders were, in general, either court bankers, farmers general, or tax gatherers, who, from a mean origin, had arisen to great riches, and who, being too proud to marry their equals or inferiors, were despised by those haughty nobless, who considered themselves as their superiors, and therefore resolved to live bachelors. To such persons who had no prospect of, or care for, posterity, nothing was more convenient than to exchange their capital for a revenue that would last just as long and no longer than they wished. But in Great Britain, the seat of government being the greatest mercantile city in the world, the merchants are generally the people who advance money to government. By advancing it they do not mean to diminish, but on the contrary, to increase, their mercantile capitals; and unless they expected to sell with some profit their share in the subscription for a new loan, they never would subscribe. But if by advancing their money they were to purchase, instead of perpetual annuities, annuities for lives only, whether their own or those of other people, they would not always be so likely to sell them with a profit. Annuities upon their own lives they would always sell with loss, because no man will give for an annuity upon the life of another whose age and state are the same with his own, the same price which he would give for one upon his own. An annuity upon the life of a third person, indeed, VOL. II.

is, no doubt, of equal value to the buyer ard the seller; but its real value begins to diminish from the moment it is granted, and continues to do so more and more as long as it subsists. It can never, therefore, make so convenient a transferable stock as a perpetual annuity, of which the real value may be supposed always the same, or very nearly the same.

ANNUL, v. Ad; nullum (ne ullus), to nothing. To reduce to nothing, render useless, and of no effect.

Truly the like yt han might to do good, and done it not, ye crown of worship shal be take from hem, with shame shal they be annulled.

Chaucer. Test. of Love, book iii. f. 309, c. 1. Light, the pure work of God, to me 's extinct, Annull'd, which might in part my grief have eased. And all her various objects of delight

Milton.

That which gives force to the law, is the authority that enacts it; and whoever destroys this authority, does in effect annul the law. Rogers. ANNULAR, Annulus, Lat. That which is AN'NULARY. in the form of a ring.

That they might not, in bending the arm or leg, rise up, he has tied them to the bones by annular ligaments. Cheyne.

Because continual respiration is necessary, the windpipe is made with annulary cartilages, that the sides of it may not flag and fall together. Ray. ANNULAR CARTILAGE, the second cartilage of the larynx; called also cricoides.

ANNULAR FINGER, the fourth or ring finger. ANNULAR LIGAMENT, a strong ligament, encompassing the wrist after the manner of a bracelet; also the ligament of the tarsus. The sphincter muscle of the anus is also called annularis from its figure.

ANNULAR PROCESS, a process of the medulla oblongata; so called because it surrounds the same much like a ring.

ANNULARIA, in entomology, a species of phalana, a native of Germany.

ANNULARIS, a species of cerambyx, in the section callidium, according to Gmelin. Also a species of tenthredo, a native of Austria.

ANNULARIS, in ichthyology, a species of chatodon; the ikan batoe jang aboe, and ikan pampus cambodia of Valent. Ind. &c.

6. A

ANNULATA, in entomology, a species of cassida, a native of India. Also 1. A species of chrysomela. 2. A species of nepa. 3. A species of sphinx, according to Linnæus; or zygaena according to Fabricius. 4. A species o. phryganea. 5. A species of phalana. species of apis. 7. A species of tipula. 8. A species of conops. 9. A species of podwia. 10. Two different species of tenthredo, described by Gmelin; one is the Linnæan species of that name, the other the mantissa of Fabricius.

ANNULATA, in conchology, a species of ostrea, found in the northern seas. Also 1. A species of voluta. 2. A species of helix.

ANNULATORIUS, in entomology, a species of ichneumon, a native of Great Britain.

ANNULATUM, in conchology, a species of dentalium.

ANNULATUS, in conchology, a species of trochus, inhabiting the Indian seas. Also a shell of the turbo genus. 2 A

ANNULATUS, in entomology, a species of curculio, a native of America. Also 1. A species of cerambyx, of the family stenocorus. 2. A species of gryllus, of the family locusta, a native of America. 3. A species of cimex, a native of Virginia, belonging to the family of spinosus. 4. Another species of cimex, in the family of reduvius. 5. A species of ichneumon, a native of Europe. 6. A species of asilus, a native of India. 7. A species of culex, a native of Germany and Denmark.

ANNULATUS, in ornithology, a species of oriolus, a native of America.

ANNULATUS, in zoology, a species of coluber, Also a species of anguis.

ANNULET; from annulus, a little ring; in heraldry, a difference or mark of distinction which the fifth brother of any family ought to bear in his coat of arms. Among the Romans it represented liberty and nobility. It also denotes strength and eternity by reason of its circular form. Annulets are also a part of the coatarmour of several families, and were anciently reputed a mark of nobility and jurisdiction, it being the custom of prelates to receive their investiture per baculum et annulum. In architecture, the small square members in the Doric capitals, under the quarter ground, are called annulets. Annulet is also used for a narrow flat moulding, common to other parts of the column; so called because it encompasses the column. ANNULOSA; from annulus, a ring or segment; a term applied by Cuvier and some other modern writers to animals whose bodies are more or less divided transversely into segments. This type of animals was proposed in one of the last volumes of the Annales de Muséum, by M. G. Cuvier, and comprehends five classes; the leading characters of which are: Class 1. Crustacea. Branchiæ or gills for respiration. Legs for motion.

Class 2. Myriapoda. Trachea or air-tubes for respiration. Legs more than eight. Head distinct from the thorax. Antennæ two.

Class 3. Arachnides. Trachea for respiration. Legs eight or six. Head not distinct from the thorax. Antennæ none.

Class 4. Insecta. Trachea for respiration. Legs six. Head distinct from the thorax. An

tennæ two.

Class 5. Vermes. Trachea for respiration. Legs none. Antennæ none. See ZOOLOGY. ANNULOSUS, in entomology, a species of ichneumon, a native of Europe.

ANNULUS, a ring, in geometry, the area of which is equal to the difference of the areas of the outer and inner circles; or it may be found by multiplying the sum of their diameters by the difference, and the product by 7854.

ANNULUS, in conchology, a species of cypræa. The thoracicum quadratum of Rumphuis; found or the shores of Amboyna and Alexandria.

ANNULUS, in entomology, a species of cassida, a native of Cayenne. Also a species of pis, a native of Europe.

France after her divorce from Louis XII. 3. A nunnery founded by a Genoese lady in 1600. 4. A friary founded by cardinal Torrecremata at Rome in 1460; the managers of which give fortunes of sixty Roman crowns to above four hundred girls, on the anniversary of the Annunciation. 5. The knights of the annuntiada, a military order, instituted in 1362 by Ainadeus VI. duke of Savoy, in memory of Amadeus I. whe defended the isle of Rhodes against the Turks. It was at first called the order of the True LovETS Knots, in memory of a bracelet of hair presented to the founder by a lady; but upon the election of Amadeus VIII. to the pontificate, its name was changed for that of the Annunciada in 1435. The great collar of the order which the knights wear on public occasions weighs 250 crowns of gold, and the motto engraved on it is F. E. R. T. The initials were supposed to stand for the words Fortitudo Ejus Rhodum Tenuit, alluding to the defence of Rhodes against the Turks by Amadeus the Grand. This however was long after the house of Savoy took that device, as appears from the coins of Louis de Savoy, baron de Vaud, who died in 1301.

ANNUNCIATION; ad, to, and nuncio, I declare; the tidings which the angel Gabriel brought to the Virgin Mary of the incarnation o. our Saviour. The Greeks call it evayyeλopos, good tidings; and xaipiriopos, salutation.

ANNUNCIATION DAY; the day celebrated by the church in memory of the angel's salutation of the Blessed Virgin, solemnised with us on the 25th of March. This festival appears to le of great antiquity; it is certain that it was ob served before the time of the council of Trullo, in which there is a canon forbidding the ceiebration of all festivals in Lent, excepting the Lord's Day and the Feast of the Annunciation; so that we may date its origin from the seventh century. In the Romish church on this feast the pope performs the ceremony of marrying or cloistering a certain number of maidens, who are presented to him in the church clothed in whate serge, and muffled up from head to foot: an officer stands by with purses containing notes of 50 crowns for those who make choice of marriage, and notes of 100 for those who choose the veil. The eastern churches celebrate it at a different season from those of the west. The Syrians call it Bascarah, search, inquiry; and mark it in the calendar for the 1st of December. The Armenians hold it on the 5th of January; but the Greeks in Lent. Annunciation is also a title given by the Jews to part of the ceremony of their passover, viz. that wherein they explain the origin and occasion of that solemnity. This explanation they call лn, haggada, the annunciation.

ANNUNCIATOR, in the Greek church, an officer whose business is to give notice of the feasts and holydays to be observed.

ANOA, in zoology, bos bubalus anoa, a variety of the buffalo, mentioned by Pennant. It is about the size of a sheep, living in herds ard sheltering itself in caverns in the mountains. It is a native of Celebes.

ing four clavate feelers; obtuse and dentated jaws; lip entire; and antennæ filiform; with the three extreme joints elongated, and thicker than the others. This genus includes some few insects of the Linnæan ptinus and dermestes genera, and byrrhus of Geoffroy; besides some new species not described by either. The species contained in this genus are tessellatum, striatum, rufipes, castaneum, pertinax, boleti, molle, paniceum, abietis, planum, capense, minutum, micans, and nitidum.

ANOCHEILON, in anatomy, the upper lip. ANOCHUS, in medicine, a stoppage of the discharge of the bowels.

ANOCTORON, in ecclesiastical history, a name used by some writers for a church. Anoctora properly import Roman halls, many of which were converted into churches.

ANOCYSTI, in natural history, a class of the echina marina, which have an aperture of the anus at the top of the shell. Some of these approach to a hemisphere or spheroidal figure, others flatter, and in shape somewhat resembling a shield.

ANODUS, in chemistry, a nutritious matter separated by the kidneys

AN'ODYNE, n. & adj. A privative, and odvrn, pain. That which soothes or mitigates pain.

Yet durst she not too deeply probe the wound,
As hoping still the nobler parts were sound:
But strove with anodynes t' assuage the smart,
And mildly thus her med'cine did impart.

Dryden. Anodynes, or abaters of pain of the alimentary kind, are such things as relax the tension of the affected nervous fibres, as decoctions of emollient substances; those things which destroy the particular acrimony which occasions the pain; or what deadens the sensation of the brain, by procuring sleep.

Arbuthnot.

Or who in sweet vicissitude appears Of mirth and opium, ratafie and tears, The daily anodyne and nightly draught, To kill those foes to fair one's time and thought. Pope's Moral Essays. ANODYNE; from a privative, and oduvn, pain; a term applied to medicines which ease pain and procure sleep. They are divided into three sorts, viz. 1. Paregorics, or such as assuage pain. 2. Hypnotics, or such as relieve by procuring sleep. 3. Narcotics, or such as ease the patient by stupifying him. Opiates and narcotics taken too frequently diminish sensation; in large doses they destroy life. In particular diseases, and in proper doses, they are excellent medicines. Some hypnotics and paregorics, as nitre, camphor, &c. procure ease and sleep by removing the offending cause. Camphor is said to be the best anodyne in nervous cases and at the decline of fevers. But opium, properly administered, is the best of anodynes, excepting in cases where costiveness, a full habit, or the like, prohibit the use of it. The doses of all these medicines are generally regulated by the pulse. Anodynes should be given with great caution, and not on a full stomach, nor in dropsies. Hemlock procures ease and sleep, without causing that head-ach next morning, usually complained of after taking opium. Certain

compound medicines in the shops are also prepared with this intention. Such is the anodyne balsam. A ready way of preparing a useful, safe, and efficacious anodyne, is as follows: take half an ounce of opium, dissolve it in a gentle heat in three ounces of water, strain the solution and evaporate it to a dry substance. Grind this to powder in a glass mortar, with twice the quantity of loaf-sugar, and of this preparation three or four grains may be given for a dose. By dissolving the opium thus in water, we get rid not only of its gross parts but also of its resinous, which are found more pernicious than the rest; and by dividing it afterwards, and mixing it with sugar, the medicine is rendered more uniform, soluble, and miscible with animal fluids.

ANODYNE BALSAM is made of Castile soap, camphor, saffron, and spirits of wine, digested in a sand heat. It is recommended not only for procuring ease in the most racking extremities of pain, but also for assisting in discharging the peccant matters that occasioned it. This balsam is much the same with the modern opodeldoc.

ANOINT', v. Fr. oindre; participle oint. ANOINTED, To rub with oil, or any fat or ANOINTING, greasy substance, and by ANOINTMENT. means of this ceremony to consecrate, set apart, or sanctify.

And the women as soone as it was lawfull to worke, prepared their annoyntments with all diligence.

The whole Workes of Tyndall, &c. f. 261. c. i. For verili eroude and pounce pilat with hethene men and peple of israel, camen togidre in this citee agensthin hooli child ihesu whom thou anoyntidist to do the thinges that thin hond and thi conseil demyden to be don.

Wiclif. The Dedis of the Apostlis. Anointed let me be with deadly venom. Shaksp. Thou shalt have olive trees throughout all thy coasts, but thou shalt not anoint thyself with the oil; for thine olive shall cast his fruit.

Deut. xxviii. 40.

Warm waters then in brazen caldrons borne, Are pour'd to wash his body joint by joint, And fragrant oils the stiffen'd limbs anoint.

Dryden.

I would not see thy sister In his anointed flesh stick boarish fangs.

Shakspeare.

Our blessed Lord himself, who united in his own person the three-fold character of king, priest, and prophet, was distinguished by the name of the Messiah, which, in the Hebrew language, signifies the anointed.

ANOINTERS, a religious sect, formerly subsisting in some parts of England, and so called on account of their anointing all persons before they admitted them into the church. They founded this practice upon Jam, v. 14, 15.

ANOINTING is also a term used by painters. It implies their method of restoring the effect of colours, after the oil has been drained out of them, by the absorption of the ground of the picture, or the former coat or layer of colours, whilst they were drying; termed improperly the sinking of the colours. The anointing is performed by means of varnish, oil, or both together, rubbed in with a hard hog's-hair tool. When newly laid on, it promotes softness and

union; and when almost, but not perfectly dry, it disposes the picture to receive smart or crank touches. Without an application of this nature it would be impossible for the painter of delicate works to proceed with any degree of certainty; and the best mixture is an equal quantity of strong drying oil and mastich varnish united. This will retain its clammy nature long enough for the purpose of the artist, while he covers with paint the anointed portion. Such artists as proceed more slowly with the pencil than is usual, will do well to use a small quantity of fat linseed oil with the mixture we have mentioned.

ANOLE, in zoology, a species of lizard common in the West Indies about houses and plantations. It is of the size of the common European lizard, but its head is longer, its skin of a yellowish colour, and its back variegated with green, blue, and gray lines running from the neck to the tail. They creep into holes at night, and make a continual and very disagreeable noise in the day they are always in motion.

ANOLYMPIADES, in antiquity, a name given by the Elians to those Olympic games which had been celebrated under the direction of the Pisæans and Arcadians. The Elians claimed the sole right of managing the Olympic games, in which they sometimes met with competitors. The 104th Olympiad was celebrated by order of the Arcadians, by whom the Elians were at that time reduced very low; this as well as those managed by the inhabitants of Pisa, they called avoλvμmiadaç, that is, unlawful Olymipiads; and left them out of their annals, wherein the names of their victors and other occurrences were registered.

ANOMALISTICAL YEAR, in astronomy, is also called the periodical year. The space of time belonging to this year is greater than the tropical year on account of the precession of the equinoxes. See ASTRONOMY.

ANOMALOUS NOUNS. In those languages wherein the nouns are declined by genders, numbers, and cases, such as the Greek and Latin, there are a vast number of anomalous nouns, which are either defective, redundant, or variable, in one or other of these particulars. Thus liberi and arma want the singular; aer and ævum the plural; chaos wants the genitive; suppetiæ wants four cases, and dicis five; cætera wants the masculine, quisquis the feminine, and plus both; and cœlum, plural cœli; and locus, loci or loca are variable; and materia, materies, æther, æthra, &c. are redundant. But it is not in inflexion or declension alone that nouns are anomalous. Adjectives are also frequently so in comparison: thus bonus, by the regular rule of comparison should have bonior, bonissimus, in the comparative and superlative degrees: instead of which it has melior and optimus. The same adjective is equally anomalous in the Greek, as well as extremely redundant; aya@og, having no fewer than seven comparatives, aptivov, αρείων, βελτίων, καρρών, κρείτων, λωιων, and χερειων ; and four superlatives, άριτος, βέλτισος, κρατ T150C, and Apoc: all of which are completely anomalous in their formation. In the English language, which has neither genders nor cases, the few anomalous nouns it has are only so in num

ber and comparison. Thus the substantive annals wants the singular, and sir wants the plural. The adjectives good and evil instead of forming their comparatives and superlatives according to the usual rule, by adding er and est (which would make gooder, goodest, eviler, evilest), have the very irregular degrees of better, best, and worse, worst. The adjective little affords an instance of a double anomaly in its comparison, being both irregular in the formation of its degrees, less and least, and redundant, by having another comparative, lesser.

ANOMALOUS VERBS, in grammar, such as are not conjugated conformably to the paradigm of their conjugation. They are found in all languages. In Latin the verb lego is the paradigm of the third conjugation; and runs thus, lego, legis, legit: by the same rule fero should be feris, ferit; fero is therefore an anomalous verb. In English the irregularity relates often to the preterite tense and passive participle: for example, give, were it formed according to rule, would make gived in the preterite tense and passive participle; whereas in the former it makes gave, and in the latter given. ANOM'ALY, n. ANOMALOUS, ANOMALOUSLY.

irregularity.

Gr. Avwμaλng, not plain, a & opalos, plain. DeviaStion from the general rule,

Eve was not solemnly begotten, but suddenly framed, and anomalously proceeded from Adam.

Brown's Vulgar Errours. There will arise anomalous disturbances, not only in civil and artificial, but also in military officers.

Id.

Holder.

inconvenient and in themselves unnecessary, must Every language has its anomalies, which, though be tolerated among the imperfections of human things. Dr. Johnson's Preface to his Dictionory.

The poetical dialect, consisting chiefly in certain anomalies, peculiar to poetry; in letters and syllables added to the ends of words; a kind of licence commonly permitted to poetry in every language.

Lowth's Isaiah. Preliminary Du. ANOMALY, in astronomy; from avwμɑλng, unequal, Gr. anomalia, Lat. is an irregularity in the mean motion of the planets, whereby they deviate from the aphelion, or apogee; or it is the angular distance of the primary planets from their aphelion, or of the sun and moon from their apogee; which inequality is either mean, eccentric, or true.

Mean or simple anomaly is where a planet describes an ellipsis about the sun, placed in one of the foci, and is the time it takes up in moving from its aphelion to the mean place or point of its orbit, and is equal to the angle contained