DISTRICT AND UNION SCHOOLS COMPARED 69 4. To build outhouses. Pages 47, 48, 64. (b) Powers exercised in ordinary districts by the district meeting; in union free school districts by the board of education 1. To prescribe text-books. Pages 44, 55. 2. To purchase furniture. Pages 48, 57, 63. 3. To turn over the library to a public library. Page 49. 4. To fill vacancies in the board. Pages 29, 63. 5. To waive relationship of teacher to trustee. Page 34. (c) Powers exercised by boards of education that do not exist in ordinary districts. 1. To hold gifts and legacies. Page 58. 2. To remove members of the board. Pages 29, 64. 3. To appoint a superintendent. Pages 18, 64. 4. To publish an annual financial statement in a newspaper. Page 65. 5. To appoint visiting committees. Page 65. 6. To levy without vote of district a tax for contingent expenses. Pages 33, 47, 48, 56, 66. Pages 43, 65. 7. To appoint an attendance officer. (d) Powers of the school-meeting in do not exist in ordinary districts. union free school districts that 1. To provide free text-books. Pages 23, 55. 2. To vote a tax for a schoolhouse without limit or approval of commissioner. Pages 31, 57. 38, 3. To establish an academical department. Page 59. 4. To raise money for evening drawing-schools. Page 67. (30) To make on Aug. 1 of each year and deposit in the town clerk's office a report to the commissioner of all matters on which trustees are required to report (see page 49), and on such other matters as the superintendent may require (viii. 28; 769). NOTE.-Every union school is subject to the visitation of the superintendent, who has general supervision over the board of education and the management and conduct of the departments of instruction. He may at any time require of the board a report upon any particular matter (viii. 28). Wilful disodedience of any lawful requirement of the superintendent is cause for removal (viii. 29). Any person may appeal to the superintendent against the action of any special meeting or the order of a commissioner altering or dissolving a union free school district (viii. 41). NORMAL SCHOOLS New State normal schools are now established only by vote of the legislature. Local boards. The immediate supervision and management of each normal school, subject to the general supervision and direction of the superindent, is vested in its local board, the members of which are appointed by the superintendent for life, subject only to removal by the concurrent action of the superintendent and of the chancellor of the university of the State of New York. Management. These boards (a) make the rules and regulations; (b) make annual reports to the legislature on Jan. 1; (c) prescribe the course of instruction; and (d) employ the teachers: their action being in all these matters subject to the approval of the superintendent. NOTE. The superintendent determines how many teachers shall be employed, and their salaries. Course of Study.-Normal schools must give instruction (a) in physiology and hygiene, with special reference to the effects of alcoholic drinks, stimulants, and narcotics (xv. 19); (b) in industrial and ACADEMIC DEPARTMENTS 71 free-hand drawing (xv. 21); (c) in vocal music (xv. 23); (d) in industrial training (xv. 27). They are entitled to receive from the American Museum of Natural History at least one illustrated lecture every year, and such appliances, plates, and apparatus as may be necessary for proper instruction in natural history (428:1886; 6:1893). Pupils.-The statute provides for proportionate representation of the counties, but in practice any pupil in the State may select which normal school he will attend. They are admitted upon recommendation of a school commissioner or city superintendent, approved by the superintendent ; and upon presenting either (1) the diploma of a college, university, high school, academy, academic department of union school, or a Regent's diploma; (2) a New York certificate, State or uniform 1st or 2d grade now in force; or (3) the certificate of a city superintendent or school commissioner, showing that at a uniform examination within 6 months, they have attained 75 % in arithmetic, grammar, and geography, and an average standing of 75 % in composition, American history, civil government, and physiology. Expenses.-Pupils are entitled to all the privileges of the school, free from charges for tuition, or for the use of books or apparatus. NOTE 1.-Pupils not residents of the State must pay tuition. NOTE 2.-The pupil's railroad fare from home to the school one way each term is no longer paid by the State. Academic departments.-Normal schools cannot receive into their academic departments any pupil not a resident of the territory for the benefit of which the State has pledged itself to maintain such department (142:1889). NOTE. This applies to the schools which turned over academic property to the State on certain conditions. Tuition money received by normal schools may be used for current expenses (Chap. 492, laws of 1870). INDIAN SCHOOLS Management.—These are in charge of the superintendent, who shall establish such schools as he thinks necessary, employ superintendents, and, with the concurrence of the comptroller and secretary of State, cause to be erected the necessary buildings (xv. 33). Public moneys.-Indian children between 4 and 21 shall draw public money the same as white children, and such money must be exclusively devoted to their education (xv. 36). There shall also be an annual appropriation of $6,000 by the legislature (xv. 37). See page 10. INSTITUTIONS FOR THE DEAF AND DUMB, AND FOR THE BLIND. Management. These institutions are subject to the visitation of the superintendent (xv. 40). Admission.-All deaf and dumb or blind persons, resident of this State for the three years preceding, upwards of 12 years of age, shall be eligible to appointment as State pupils to one of the institutions in this State. Such appointments are made by the superintendent, upon application under such conditions as to share of expense to be paid by parents, guardians, or friends as he may impose (xv. 41; 131-138). CORNELL SCHOLARSHIPS 73 NOTE.-Appointments to the Institution for the Blind in Batavia are not made by the superintendent. CORNELL SCHOLARSHIPS NOTE-In bestowing upon Cornell University, as an endowment, the public lands granted this State by congress in 1862, the State reserved the privileges of free instruction to be given to a limited number of pupils from all parts of the State at such institution. Number. The institution shall annually receive students to the number of one from each assembly district in the State, free of tuition fees or incidental charges (xii. 1). NOTE.-In case a candidate entitled to the scholarship by reason of highest standing in the examination should fail in his entrance examination at the university, should die, resign, be expelled, or vacate such scholarship in any way, either before or after entering, then the candidate next in excellence becomes entitled to it; if there be no such candidate resident in the county, then the superintendent may appoint one from some other county (xii. 1. 5). How awarded. These scholarships shall be awarded by competitive examination of candidates by the school commissioners and city superintendents of each county. These examinations shall occur at the court-house of each county on the first Saturday in June in each year. The questions are prepared by the department of Public Instruction and the examination papers handed in are to be forwarded there (xii. 1). NOTE 1.-The questions from the beginning to 1892 are published in "The New York Question Book ", and in "Supplement No. 1 ", and "Supplement No. 2." NOTE 2.-As it is intended that this free instruction shall be a reward for superior scholarship in the public schools, none are eligible but those who have attended some of the common schools or academies of the State at least 6 months of the year immediately preceeding the examination, and who are at least 16 years of age (xii, 1. 2). Children of those who have died |