in the military or naval service of the United States are to have preference (xii. 1. 7).

NOTE 3.-A student may in the discretion of the president of the university be granted leave of absence from his studies for the purpose of earning funds to defray his living expenses at school, and be allowed 6 years to complete the course (xii. 1. 6).

THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK

NOTE. The present university law is chapter 378, of the laws of 1892.

History. The university of the State of New York was created in 1784 under the name of "regents of the university of the State of New York", as a branch of the State government.

NOTE. The word "regent" was first used by the University of Paris, and signified a master qualified to teach. In the English universities the rule grew up that only those masters actually teaching, the "regents " as distinguished from the non-regents, should have a right to vote in certain university assemblies, the regent combining the functions of teaching and of governing. New York put the name to a new use, making the regents not the teaching but the governing body.-Sidney Sherwood's History, pages 256, 257.

The objects of the university are to encourage and promote higher education; to visit and inspect its several institutions and departments; to distribute to or expend or administer for them such property and funds as the State may appropriate therefor, or as the university may own or hold in trust or otherwise; etc.

NOTE. In 1812 it started the movement that resulted in forming the system of public instruction; in 1833 it established teachers' classes; in 1864 it started its system of examinations; and in 1892 it received exclusive power of granting charters to educational institutions in the State. It has published annual reports, which since 1835 have given educational statistics in great detail. In 1863 it established the university convocation, an annual meeting of teachers which has grown to be one of the most important in the country. In 1889 it took up the work of university extension.

Extent. The university consists of all institutions

of higher education which are now or may hereafter be incorporated in this State, and such other libraries, museums or other institutions for higher education as may, in conformity with the ordinances of the regents, after official inspection, be admitted to or incorporated by the university.

Government. The university is governed and its. corporate powers exercised by 23 regents, including the governor, lieutenant-governor, secretary of state, and superintendent, who are regents by virtue of their offices.

NOTE 1.-In case of the death, resignation, or removal from the State of any elective regent, his successor shall be chosen by the legislature in the manner provided by law for the election of senators in congress, except that the election may take place at any time during the session of the legislature as it may determine.

NOTE 2.-No person shall be at the same time a regent of the university and a trustee, president, principal, or any other officer of any institution belonging to the university.

Officers. The elective officers of the university are a chancellor, a vice-chancellor, a secretary, and such other officers as are either authorized by law, or deemed necessary by the regents, all of whom are chosen by ballot and hold office during the pleasure of the regents.

NOTE.-No election, removal or change of salary of an elective officer shall be made by less than ten votes in favor thereof. Each officer so elected shall, before entering on his duties, take and file with the secretary of state the oath of office required of State officers.

Chancellor.—The chancellor presides at all meetings of the regents, confers all degrees which they shall authorize, and fixes the time and place of all special meetings.

NOTE.-In his absence the vice-chancellor, or, if he be also absent, the senior regent present, performs the duties and has all the powers of the chancellor.

Secretary. The secretary is responsible for the safe-keeping and proper use of the university seal, and of the books, records, and other property in charge of the regents, and for the proper administration and discipline of its various offices and depart

ments.

NOTE 1.-He shall give bonds, to be approved by the chancellor, in writing, in the penal sum of $10,000 for the faithful discharge of his duties.

NOTE 2.-He shall have power to appoint, subject to the confirmation of the chancellor, any other officer of the university as his deputy to exercise temporarily any specified powers of the secretary in his absence.

Meetings. In addition to the annual meeting, the chancellor shall call a meeting as often as the business of the university requires, or if 5 regents in writing so request.

NOTE 1.-At least 10 days notice of every meeting shall be given to each regent. If any regent shall fail to attend the meetings for one year without written excuse accepted as satisfactory by the regents, he shall be deemed to have resigned, and the regents shall report the vacancy to the legislature if in session, or at the opening of its next succeeding session, when the vacancy must be filled.

NOTE 2. For the transaction of business, 10 regents attending shall be a quorum; but the regents may elect an executive committee of not less than 7, which in the interval between the meetings may transact such business of the regents as they may authorize, except to grant or revoke charters, or grant honorary degrees.

Degrees and diplomas.-The regents may confer by diploma under their common seal such honorary degrees as they may deem proper, and may establish examinations as to attainments in learning, and award and confer suitable certificates, diplomas and degrees on persons who satisfactorily meet the re quirements prescribed,

Examinations. They shall establish in the academies of the university, examinations in studies furnishing a suitable standard of graduation from the academies and of admission to colleges, and certificates or diplomas shall be conferred on students who satisfactorily pass such examinations.

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NOTE 1.-All the questions in arithmetic, geography, grammar, and spelling, up to June, 1892, are published with answers in a single volume called 'The Regents' Questions Complete, with Key ", price $2.00. No other questions with answers have been published, but the questions alone for the preceding year may be had at any time in book form for 50 cts.

NOTE 2.-Any person shall be admitted to these academic examinations who shall conform to the rules and pay the fees prescribed by the regents, and said fees shall not exceed $1.00 for each academic branch and $5.00 for each higher branch in which the candidate is examined.

Control. The university, including the State library and the State museum, and such other departments as the regents may establish, is under the control of the regents, who have all the powers of trustees, including full authority to appoint all needed officers and employes; to fix their titles, duties, salaries and terms of service; to make all needed regulations to buy, sell, exchange or receive by will, gift or on deposit articles or collections properly pertaining thereto; to maintain lectures connected with higher education in this State; and to lend to or deposit permanently with other institutions books, specimens or other articles in their custody which, because of being duplicates or for other reasons, will, in the judgment of the regents, be more useful in the said institutions than if retained in the original collections at Albany.

State publications.-The regents have charge of the preparation, publication, and distribution, whether by sale, exchange or gift, of the colonial history, natural history, and all other State publications not otherwise assigned by law.

To guard against the waste of destruction of State publications, and to provide for the completion of sets to be permanently preserved in American and foreign libraries, the regents maintain in the State library a duplicate department to which each State department, board, or bureau shall send not less than five copies of each of its publications when issued, and after completing its distribution, any remaining copies which it no longer requires. The above publications, with any other books and pamphlets not needed in the State library, constitute the duplicate department, and the rules for sale, exchange or distribution from it are fixed by the regents, who use all receipts from such exchanges or sales for the increase of the State library.

TEACHERS' TRAINING CLASSES

The present regulations for teachers' training classes (see pp. 62, 63) require that applications should be made to the Department by May 1, and show compliance with the following conditions:

(a) To furnish an instructor or instructors of the class for not less (each day) than 3 recitation hours of 45 minutes each, a duly qualified teacher who is either (1) a college graduate with not less than 3 years' experience in teaching in the public schools of the State; (2) a graduate of a normal school of this State from a higher course than the elementary course, so called, of at least 2 years' experience in teaching in the public schools of the State; or (3) one holding a State certificate granted in this State upon examination subsequent to 1875. Such instructor or instructors must be approved by the State superintendent of public instruction, the same as are teachers employed in the several normal schools of the State.

(b) To furnish a room or apartment separate from all other departments of the school, in which the training class members shall be seated and no others, unless it may be the members of the graduating class of the current school year.

(c) To furnish opportunity for the class or some members thereof each day to observe methods of teaching in the several grades of common school work, and, when practicable, actually to have an opportunity to teach in such grades under proper criticism and direction.