ple of Egypt; encourage them to join in our labours to complete the deftruction of the beys and the Mamelucs. Favour the commerce of the Francs in your country, and their endeavours to arrive at the ancient land of Brama. Let them have ftorehouses in your ports, and drive far from you the islanders of Albion, accurfed among the children of 1ffa. Such is the will of Mahomet. The treasures, induftry, and friendship of the Francs fhall be your lot, till you afcend to the feventh heaven, and are feated by the fide of the black-eyed houris, who are endowed with perpetual youth and virginity. Repofe under the fhade of Laba, whofe branches prefent of themselves to true Muffulmans whatever their hearts may defire.

Suleiman (inclining himself.)

Thou hast spoken like the most learned of the mullahs. We place faith in thy words, we will ferve thy caufe, and God hears

us.

Bonaparte.

God is great, and his works are marvelous. The falutation of peace be upon you, thrice holy muftis !"

The following paffage illuftrates the character, arts, and hypocrify of the firft Conful. To fuch artifices and deceptions Buonaparte owes much of his fuccefs. It feems to be one of his favorite principles, that the end juftifies the means. In page 13 of the fecond volume, it is recorded, that:

"Before Bonaparte entered Alexandria, he annouced his arrival by a letter to the pacha of Egypt, in which, after affuring him of his attachment to the Porte, and his intention to deftroy the beys, he faid:

'You are undoubtedly informed, that my intentions are not against the alcoran, or the fultan: come therefore, and curfe with me the race of the beys.'

On his arrival he declared, by proclamation, that he came to chaftife the Mamelucs, who, by long oppreffing the Egyptians, were become enemies to the grand-feignior, and confequently offenfive to the French, his fincere friends; and told the muffel

man:

I refpect God, bis prophet, and the alcoran, more than the Mamelucs; for, in effect, by what wisdom, talents, or virtue, are they diftinguifhed? If we find a beautiful tract of land, it belongs to the Mamelucs; if we fee a handfome flave, a fine horse, or a well-built houfe, they all belong to the Mamelucs. If Egypt be their farm, let them fhow the leafe which God has granted them of it but God is juft and compaffionate towards the people. Cadys, fheiks, imans, and fchorbadgis, inform the people that we are the friends of muffelmans.

Villages that take up arms against the French fhall be burned. Those that fubmit, fhall hoift our colours by the fide of thofe of the grand-feignior, our friend.

Prayers fhall be continued in the country as ufual; every one thanking God for the deftruction of the Mamelucs, and crying, Glory to the Sultan! Glory to the French army, his friends!Malediction to the Mamelucs, and happiness to the people of Egypt !"

The enfuing extract from Page 123 of the fame volume, will be interesting to American readers.

"Bonaparte, as indefatigable in the cabinet as in the midft of armies, negotiated a treaty of peace with the United States of America. At a brilliant entertainment given at Morfontaine by Jofeph his brother, prefident of the commiffion of minifters plenipotentiary employed in negotiating with the envoys extraordinary of the United States, the good understanding between the two countries was magnificently celebrated.

The firft Conful joined them at three o'clock with his family, when the minifter for foreign affairs prefented him with the convention figned on the 9th of Vendemiaire between the French and American minifters.

After dinner several toasts and fentiments were drunk-Bonaparte gave

"To the manes of the French and Americans killed on the field of battle for the independence of the new world."

On the morrow the American minifters took leave of the first Conful, and told him they hoped that the convention, figned on the 9th, would be the bafis of a lasting friendship between France and America, and that they would themselves leave nothing undone to accomplish that end.'

Bonaparte replied:

The difputes which have taken place between us being now terminated, we should confider them as family quarrels, and forgive them accordingly. The liberal principles confecrated in the convention, on the fubject of navigation, ought to be the foundation of the friendship of the two nations, as well as of their intereft. Under the prefent circumftances, it becomes more neceffary than ever that the two nations fhould adhere to it.'

During their ftay at Morfontaine, on the fame day, the prefect of the department of the Oife prefented Bonaparte with feveral golden medals recently found by fome peasants within his jurif diction. They were enclosed, with many others, in a fmall earthen veffel; the whole being worth about 600,000 livres. They were in a very perfect ftate, and of feveral different dates; fome as far back as the Roman republic, and others of the time of the emperors. The prefect informed the first conful, that it had been very difficult to obtain the pieces, as those who found them were afraid of being put to fome trouble on account of the discovery. According to the ancient laws,' continued he, any treasures found belong to government.' At prefent, replied Bonaparte, government do not wish to difpute with the good fortune of a citizen a

befides, we must be careful that thefe medals, which may be invaluable monuments to the hiftorian, be not melted down; buy as many of them therefore as you can.— -Perhaps, added he, after a moment's reflection, thefe are only a part, and you may eafily procure more. 'I hopé fo, general.' The first conful then approached Mr. Davis, one of the American ministers, and faid to him: Here are fome Roman medals which have been jast found in Frances do me the favour to take them to America.

Thus these monuments of the Roman répúblics became pledges of union between the republics of France and America."

The narration concludes with recounting the feveral attemps to put the Conful to death, which, having been published in almost all our gazettes, it is unneceffary to relate.

On the whole, we think this a very indifferent performance, a catch-penny publication.

A well written hiftory of the life of this young hero is greatly wanted; but fo complicate and extraordinary have its events been, that it will require a masterly mind to execute the important task.

ARTICLE II. M. T. Ciceronis Orationes Quædam Selecta; Select Orations of Marcus Tullius Cicero, with Notes Hiftorical & explanatory, and a Sketch of the Life of the Orator. Exeter. Ranlet. 1802.

A

MERICAN Editions of Claffical Books are much wanted. If America is to be politically independant, fhe fhould endeavour to find within herself the gratification of all her wants, and be as little dependant upon foreign countries for her litera ture as for her legiflators. It indeed appears to us a duty to encourage our own manufactures, and to reward our own authors. Were this patriotic principle to prevail, we should not pay fuch extravagant prices for Europeon Books, nor be charged fo dearly for foreign Publications, while Books of our own production are equally, or, perhaps, more useful.

The volume before us is anonymous, though it contains much matter never before published. Its plan is new, and promises to be ufeful. The orations, which are thofe in common use, are prefixed with a Sketch of the Life of Cicero, written in a manner calculated to infpire young minds with a defire to imitate the virtues and induftry of the Roman Orator. Before each oration is placed an English Introduction narrating its caufe and effect; and to the bottom of each page are fubjoined Notes in English, explaining hiftorical allufions, and illuftrating difficult paffages. The defign of the Book is, however, better developed in the Editor's advertisement, which we fhall quote.

"The intention of publishing this volume is to afford fome affistance to thofe, whofe plans of education require them to ftudy the enfuing orations. Notwithstanding the many disadvantages

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that have attended its publication, it is with deference fubmitted to the examination and offered to the use of thofe Gentlemen, who are engaged in teaching the Latin Language. It was defigned to enable Students to comprehend the objects of the Orations, and to understand their allufions and phrafeology, without requiring of Preceptors much time and trouble of expounding.

To the feveral plans of former editions of the following Orations, various objections have been made. Some of them have Latin on one page and English on the next; and it is now generally acknowledged, that the ufe of tranflations at the time, when young Students commonly begin to ftudy Cicero, tends rather to encourage indolence than to afford inftruction. Other editions are without tranflations and notes; thefe are in the oppofite exextreme; where too much is required, little is performed; fevere tasks discourage the most induftrious. It is true, that these last mentioned editions have a Latin introduction to each oration; but while the Introductions require as much study as the Orations themselves, Boys will neglect to perufe them, and will confine attion to what alone is exacted of them. The French Edition, published by Merouillé the Jefuit for the Ufe ef the Dauphin, is undoubtedly the best extant; yet it is to be observed, that this Edition alfo is liable to a former objection. The Notes and Introductions are in Latin; the Lads, who are learning the language, are generally young and frugal of labor; they carelessly pafs over whatever they cannot eafily comprehend, and commonly neglect to take the pains neceffary to understand the Latin explanations, which the learned Editor has prefented to them.

"From these objections, it is conceived, this edition is free. No part of the volume is in Latin, except the Orations themselves. The Introductions and Notes will be eafily understood; and it was intended, the historical narrations fhould be fufficiently plenary to make the Students understand the allufions, and feel interested in the events. As utility was the object of the publication, explanations, wherever they were found, were freely admitted. Some of them are tranflated from Merouillé; others have been taken from Adam's Roman Antiquities." But, it is hoped, that, whatever may have been their fource, they will give that affiftance to Students, which they are intended to afford."

The execution of this plan has made the book valuable in our fyftem of education, and we hope to fee it introduced into general ufe. A fecond edition will undoubtedly improve it, both as it refpects its typographical errors (which unfortunately are not a few) and a fmall number of other inaccuracies.

We have been pleafed with two paffages in the life of Cicero, illuftrative of his character.

"The parade, bufinefs, and din of war, however, were lefs agreeable to him than the arts of peace. Nature feems to have calculated him rather for a civilian and a philofopher than for a warrior. The amicable contentions of intellect were much more

pleafing to him than the butchery of battles. The fuccefsful investigation of intricate truth afforded him more fatisfaction, than the invention of practical schemes of military deftruction. His feelings were "tremblingly alive" to the tale of woe; and fo averse was he to the commiffion of cruelties which his heart condemned, that no inducement but a neceffary regard to duty and fafety could make him execute the fevere decrees of justice. He did not poffefs that infenfibility, which feems to be a requifite trait in the character of a conqueror; and his humanity would ever have impeded those bloody and instantaneous decifions, upon which military fuccefs fo frequently depends. His talents as well as his feelings were more adapted to the attaining of excellence in the forum and fenate house, than in the camp and battle. His imagination was brilliant, his elocution proper and distinct, his eloquence fafcinating and perfuafive, his reafoning conclufive and convinciug; and, as it is not evident that he was endowed with that inftinctive intrepidity and natural prudence which diftinguish the ableft generals, he appears to have had more art, address, and ability in managing the understanding, than in guiding the conduct or oppofing the defigns of men."

The following is the fummary of the character of the Roman Orator.

"In the character of Cicero we find much to admire and fome. thing we cannot praife. His talents were brilliant and useful. Mankind are fill divided in opinion, whether the palm of eloquence is due to him or the Grecian Orator. Cicero is copious, magnificent, and harmonious, but fometimes diffuse, weak, and oftentations: Demofthenes was nervous, fublime, and irresistible, but fometimes harsh, immethodical, and obscure. As a statesman the abilities of Cicero were fally displayed in defeating Cataline's confpiracy. His conduct on this occafion deferves the greatest praise. Great alfo were his philofophical talents. His writings have conferred the highest honor on the ancient world. The virtues of Cicero were no lefs confpicuous than his talents. His induftry was indefatigable and very productive; his humanity embraced the whole human race; his morals were irreproachable. His manners were characterised by mildness, his difpofition by cheerfulness; & his fociable qualities were excellent. The faults of Cicero were the failings of an amiable mind. His greatest foible was vanity. His ambition too often degenerated into vain glory. His boafting frequently difgufted his audience; his nobleft actions have been faid to have originated rather from a defire of diftinction than from the difinterefted motives of patriotim. Weakness has also been attributed to his mind. Profperity elated him too much; misfortune made him timid, imprudent, and too melancholy. His talents feem not to have been calculated to rule in the tumults of contention. He could forefee evils, but .appears not to have had that greatnefs of foul, which poffeffes in