tions of that State, and had just got his specimens collected and arranged, when the war broke out, and he returned to St. Louis. In the survey of Texas he found within the limits of that State the most complete series of geological formations to be found in any State in the Union, ranging as they do from the oldest paleozoic strata, to the latest tertiary, and presenting an aggregate thickness, estimated at not less than ten thousand feet. He succeeded in rescuing his library from Austin at the end of the war, but never returned to prosecute the survey. His extensive collection of specimens is at the Bonham Female Seminary, where it was his intention to have it arranged and labeled under his supervision for the benefit of the people of St. Louis.

Doctor Shumard leaves a wife, and two daughters, one nine and the other four years old.

J. BEETE JUKES, the accomplished head of the geological survey of Ireland, and Professor of Geology in the Royal College of Science, died at Dublin on the 29th of July last, aged 58 years. We cite the following notice of this able geologist from the Athenæum of August 14th.

Joseph Beete Jukes was an Englishman. For the last nineteen years he had been on the Irish Surveys. Prof. Jukes graduated at St. John's College, Cambridge, in 1836. He studied geology under Sedgwicke, of whom he was a favorite pupil. After he left college he sailed to and explored the north coast of Australia on board H.M. S. Fly, to which he was appointed as Naturalist. Subsequently he surveyed the island of Newfoundland. After his return from that country he joined the English survey under Sir H. De La Beche, when Mr. Jukes examined some of the most intricate parts of the geology of North Wales. Later he minutely worked out the South Staffordshire coal-field, and wrote a description of it, which was published among the Memoirs of the Geological Survey. In 1850 Prof. Jukes was appointed to the directorship of the Irish branch of the Survey, and in 1853 was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. The book by which his name is best known is his 'Student's Manual of Geology.' His style as a writer is vig. orous, clear and simple,—an exact portrait of the man himself, who by nature was open, straightforward and upright. As a field-geologist few could surpass him; in a moment grasping the key to a country, and being able to explain what others had puzzled over for months. None could generalize as he could; at the same time he did not despise details. He worked out each spot of country with minuteness. Under his acute supervision the igneous rocks of Ireland have been divided up and classified; and if his life had been spared for a few years longer he would have advanced our knowledge of that part of geology, and raised us to an equality with our brethren on the continent. His vigorous mind grasped the geology of Devonshire; and although few yet accept his solution, the final acceptance is only a question of time. His place on the Irish Geological Survey cannot easily be filled, more especially as the solutions of some difficult problems still remain.

V. MISCELLANEOUS BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1. Machinery and processes of the Industrial Arts, and Apparatus of the Exact Sciences; by FREDERICK A. P. BARNARD, LL.D., U. States Commissioner, Paris Universal Exposition, 1867. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1869. 8vo, pp. 669.-This is an extremely valuable memoir upon a great number of important topics connected with the Industrial Arts and the applications of mechanical and physical principles, as these were illustrated in the French Exhibition of 1867. These are considered in a systematic and exhaustive manner, in fourteen chapters, of which the general headings are: I. The relation of invention to industrial progress, pp. 1-25; II. Motors, pp. 25-127; III. Transmission of force, pp. 128-150; IV. Accumulation of force, pp. 151-161; V. Measure of force, pp. 162-168; VI. Direct applications of force, pp. 169-218; VII. Meters for liquids and gas; Boiler feeders, pp. 219-236; VIII. Machines and mechanical apparatus designed for special purposes, pp. 237-280; IX. Processes and products, pp. 281-332; X. Diving and Respiratory apparatus, pp. 332–346; XI. Improvements in the application of cold, pp. 346-360; XII. Artificial production of cold, pp. 361-402; XIII. Light-house illumination, pp. 403-416; XIV. Printing and the graphic arts, pp. 417468. Under each of these general heads we find grouped a great number of most interesting and important matters, about many of which it is impossible to find elsewhere, if at all, so clear and exact statements. The mere enumeration of the topics thus discussed would fill several pages of this Journal.

The just claims of American skill and science are fully stated, with occasional reclamations, among which we are glad to find under chapter XII, a full recognition of Prof. Alexander C. Twining's American lce Machine of 1850, which is unquestionably the progenitor of all similar machines, and which has been most shamelessly pirated and appropriated by European inventors. In concluding his account of Prof. Twining's apparatus, Dr. Barnard adds "It cannot be too much regretted that an invention of so much merit and importance, and of which the soundness and commercial value had been so fully demonstrated, both theoretically and experimentally, should, through the apathy or timidity of capitalists, have been permitted to be neglected in the country in which it originated, till foreign enterprize had seized upon it, and developed it into a great industry."

This Report is illustrated by well-executed wood cuts of the most important forms of apparatus discovered, 154 in number, and is correctly and handsomely printed, under the supervision of Prof. W. P. Blake, charged with editing the Reports of the United States Commissioners of the Paris Exposition of 1867.

2. Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Seventeenth Meeting, held at Chicago, Illinois, August, 1868. Cambridge: Published by Joseph Lovering. 1869. 372 pp. 8vo.-This volume, elegantly printed at the Essex Institute Press, embraces twenty-six papers on mathematics, physics

AM JOUR. SCL-SECOND SERIES, VOL. XLVIII, No. 143.-SEPT., 1869.

and chemistry, and twelve papers on natural history, forming together only about one-fourth part of the papers communicated at Chicago; of the remainder, one hundred and six are given by title only. The address in commemoration of ALEXANDER DALLAS BACHE, by Dr. B. A. GOULD, followed by a list of his published works and the address of Dr. BARNARD, Ex-President of the Association, occupy the first one hundred pages of this volume and would alone give it a character of permanent value.

Inaugural Report of the Director of the Cincinnati Observatory, 30th June, 1868. Annual Report of the Director, 1st May, 1969. 48 pp. 8vo.

First Annual Report of the Trustees of the Peabody Academy of Science January, 1869. 104 pp. 8vo. Salem. 1869.

First Annual Report upon the Geology and Mineralogy of the State of New Hampshire; by C. H. Hitchcock, State Geologist and Hall Professor of Geology and Mineralogy in Dartmouth College. 36 pp. 8vo.

Prodromus of a study of N. A. Fresh-water Algæ, by Dr. H. C. Wood, Jr. (Proc. Phil. Soc. Philad., vol. xi.) 28 pp. 8vo.

Nature: An illustrated Journal of Science. This new scientific journal, a weekly of 24 pp., the first No. of which is to appear in October, has among its pledged contributors the most eminent physicists, chemists, and naturalists of Great Britain. Macmillan & Co., London, are the publishers.

PROCEEDINGS ACAD. NAT. SCI., PHILADELPHIA, Nos. 3 to 6, June to Dec. 1868. p. 153, Variations of Epigæa repens; T. Meehan.-p. 156, Moncecism of Luzula campestris; T. Meehan.-p. 157, Fresh-water origin of certain deposits of Sands and Clays in west New Jersey; E. D. Cope.-p. 159, Remarks on remains of Extinct Cetacea, etc; E. D. Cope.-p. 160, Descriptions of seven new species of Unio from North Carolina; I. Lea.-p. 161, Description of two new species of Unionidæ from Equador; I. Lea.-p. 162, Descriptions of Unionidæ from the Lower Cretaceous Formation of New Jersey; I. Lea.—p. 165, A Sketch of the Natural Order Liliacea, as represented in the Flora of the states of Oregon and Cal.; A. Wood.-p. 174, Notice of some Vertebrate Remains from Harden Co. Texas; J. Leidy.-p. 177, Indication of Elotherium in California; J. Leidy.p. 177, Notice of Reptilian Remains from Nevada; J. Leidy.—p. 178, Notice of Vertebrate Remains from the West Indian Is.; J. Leidy.-p. 181, Remarks on Leaves of Coniferæ; T. Mechan-p. 183, Mitchella repens, a dioecious plant; I Meehan.-p. 184, Second contribution to the History of the Vertebrata of the Miocene period of the U. S.; E. D. Cope.-p. 195, Notice of some remains of Horses; J. Leidy-p. 196, Notice of some extinct Cetaceans; J. Leidy.—p. 197, Remarks on a jaw fragment of Megalosaurus; J. Leidy-p. 200, Remarks of Conosaurus of Gibbes; J. Leidy.-p. 203, The Crocodilian genus Perosuchus: E. D. Cope-p. 205, Notice of American species of Ptychodus; J. Leidy.-p. 208, Synopsis of the Extinct Batrachia of North America; E. D. Cope.—p. 221, Agaphelus, a genus of toothless Cetacea; E. D. Cope-p. 227, Occurrence of Cupriferous Ores in Texas; F. A. Genth.-p. 229, Notice of some American Leeches; J. Leidy.-p. 230, Notice of some remains of extinct Pachyderms; J Leidy. p. 233, Some Cretaceous Reptilia; E. D. Cope.-p. 242, The Origin of Genera; E. D. Cope.-p. 300, Variations in Taxodium and Pinus; T. Mechanp. 303, Remarks on the Geology and Mineralogy of Venezuela; R. P. Stevens.— p. 305, Sixth Contribution to the Herpetology of Tropical America; E. D. Cope.-p. 313, Observations on some extinct Reptiles; E. D. Cope.-p. 314, Fruiting of Wisteria; T. Meehan.-p. 315, Notice of extinct Insectivora from Dakota; J. Leidy.--p. 316, Observations on Reptiles of the Old World, Art. 2: E. D. Cope.--p. 323, Notes on some points in the Structure and Habits of the Paleozoic Crinoidea; F. B. Meek & A. H. Worthen.-p. 334, Seed Vessels of Forsythia; T. Meehan.-p. 335, Remarks on Carboniferous Crinoidea, with descriptions of new Genera and Species of the same, and of one Echinoid; F.B Meek & A. H. Worthen.-p. 359, Descriptions of seven new species of American Birds; G. N. Lawrence. p. 361, Analytical table of the species of Baridius inhabiting the U. S.; J. L. Le Conte.--p. 365, Gyrinidæ of America north of Mer ico; J. L. Le Conte.--p. 373, Species of Agonoderus, Bradycellus and Stenolophus inhabiting America north of Mexico; J. L. Le Conte.--p. 383, Annual Reports, etc.

THE

AMERICAN

JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND ARTS.

[SECOND SERIES.]

ART. XXIX.-Historical and Geographical Notes on the earliest Discoveries in America; by HENRY STEVENS of Vermont, F.S.A., etc., 4 Trafalgar Square, London.

EXPLANATORY.

IN February last the writer was asked by his brother, Mr. Simon Stevens of New York, President of the Tehuantepec Railway Company, to contribute to his forthcoming book on Tehuantepec, an Historical Introduction on the earliest discoveries in America, and on the routes of commerce of the Old World, tracing their changes, especially so far as they had any direct bearing on his project of Interoceanic Communication by way of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. The writer accepted the opportunity, not expecting perhaps so much to aid the enterprise as to give shape and expression to certain ideas that had for years been floating and growing in his mind respecting the entanglement, in our earliest charts, of the northeast coast lines of Asia and North America, and the confusion growing out of it, in the early history, geography, and chronology of the new Continent. In reprinting that paper here, with considerable revision and emendation, necessary to harmonize it, he finds it convenient to throw the chief additional matter into an explanatory preface, rather than rewrite the whole.

Recently vast stores of material of American history have been brought to light. Old books and maps have turned up. Bibliography has become an exact science. Documents are scrutinized anew, as they never were before. New historical books have been written, old ones revived, annotated, edited and reproduced, to such an extent that half an American his

AM. JOUR. SCI.-SECOND SERIES, VOL. XLVIII, No. 144.-Nov., 1869.

torian's labor, before he begins his narrative, consists in clearing away the rubbish of his predecessors, and in reconciling conflicting authorities. There is something manifestly wrong in this, for the honest Muse of History is not such a muddler. Truth is not so obscured in the other coast lines of this hemisphere.

In 1793 appeared the first volume of Muños' great work. The death of the author prevented its continuation. His manuscripts and his mantle fell to Señor Navarrete, who published in 1825 his first two volumes on the voyages of Columbus, though the learned compiler had been diligently at work in of ficial and private archives since 1789, under the patronage of the Spanish government. Then followed in quick succession, in 1828, a translation into French of Navarrete's volumes, with additions by prominent members of the Geographical Society of Paris. The same year Washington Irving gave to the world his Life of Columbus, built confessedly upon Navarrete's found ation. The year 1830 brought forth in London The History of Maritime Discovery, followed and cut to pieces the next year by Biddle's Memoir of Sebastian Cabot, which in turn was roughly handled in 1832 in Tytler's Historical View of the Northern Coasts of America. Finally in 1835-1839, after long and gigantic research, appeared Humboldt's Examen Critique, a digest of all that had preceded it respecting the causes that led to the discovery of the New World; the facts and dates of the voyages of Columbus, Vespucci, and others; the earliest charts,

etc.

This incomparable work was a masterly survey of the whole field of early American geography, and though unfinished has been the parent of innumerable minor productions. The large marine chart of the World by Juan de la Cosa, discovered by Humboldt in 1832, was here used for the first time, and was in many respects the great philosopher's grand card. More recently the labors of Kuntsmann in Munich, of Santarem and Jomard in Paris, of Ghillany in Nuremberg, of Rawdon Brown in Venice, of Bergenroth in Spain, have brought to light valu able original material illustrative of maritime discovery prior to 1492, as well as of the voyages of Columbus, Vespucci, the Cabots, Behaim, and others. Still more recently many subjects of great interest and importance pertaining to our earliest ge ography have been elaborated by Messrs. LaSagra, Lelewel, D'Avezac, Varnhagen, Major, Peschel, Bancroft, Helps, Park man, B. Smith, Murphy, Lenox, Asher, Hale, Read, Deane, and not least by Brevoort, until one is ready to exclaim of the old voy agers, Are their ways past finding out? Yet there still exists the old entanglement in the American and Asiatic coast lines and the old confusion in our primitive annals and geography.

A new summing up of North American discovery has ap peared in a magnum opus published in April of this year by