chidæ, on the coast of Ionia. The oracle at Delphi was also Apollo's. The oracle of Zeus was at Dodona, where the will of the god was declared by the rushing of the wind through the leaves of the trees. Amphiaraus was first worshipped as a hero at Oropus. His oracle stood between Potniæ and Thebes.

LVIII.--ELEGY WRITTEN IN A COUNTRY CHURCH-YARD.

Page 314, Note 1.-THOMAS GRAY was born in London in 1716. He was educated at Eton and at Cambridge University, and entered the Inner Temple, London, for the purpose of studying for the Bar. Becoming intimate with Horace Walpole, he accompanied him in a tour of Europe, returning alone in 1741. In 1751 he published the "Elegy," a poem upon which he had been engaged for many years, and which alone has made his fame immortal. In 1757 he published "The Bard," and in the same year was of fered the office of poet-laureate, which he declined. In 1768 he was appointed professor of modern history at Cambridge. He died in 1771.

ELEGY. A song expressing sorrow. From Gr. è è legein, to cry woe! woe! 2.-CURFEW (kûr′ fū). In former times the ringing of a bell at nightfall (eight o'clock), as a signal to the people to cover up fires, put out lights, and retire to rest. From Fr. couvre-feu, cover-fire.

3.-CLARION. Literally a kind of trumpet whose note is shrill and clear. What does it mean here?

4.-LOWLY BED. Not, as some may suppose, the grave; but the humble sleeping-place of the peasant.

5.—GLEBE (gleeb). Soil, ground. From Lat. gleba, clod, land. 6.-AFIELD. Notice the force of the prefix a, equivalent to to, or towards. See the use of the same word in "Lycidas," page 402, line 7.

7.-BOAST OF HERALDRY. The pride of the nobility, or those high in rank. The word "hour" is the subject of this sentence. In prose would read as follows: "The inevitable hour awaits alike the boast of heraldry, the pomp of power, and all that beauty, all that wealth ever gave."

8.-See Harper's Fifth Reader, page 410.

9.-FRETTED VAULT. The ornamented roof or ceiling of a church. "Fretted," from A. S. frätu, ornament.

10. PROVOKE. Call forth. From Lat. pro, forth, and vocare, to call. 11.-HAMPDEN. John Hampden was an English patriot, distinguished for his sturdy opposition to the tyrannical demands of Charles I.; born in 1594, died in 1643.

12.-Observe the striking number of infinitive clauses in this stanza and the two stanzas preceding. All these clauses depend upon the verb "forbade." It would be a good exercise to rewrite these stanzas, changing them to good prose. Begin the paraphrase with the words "Their lot forbade."

13. THESE BONES. The bones of these.

14. This is a difficult stanza, and has been variously rendered. The meaning is probably this: "What person ever left this pleasant, sunshine world and gave up this anxious, pleasing life to dumb oblivion, without some longing, lingering regret ?"

LIX.-BELLS IN THE DESERT.

Page 319, Note 1.-ALEXANDER WILLIAM KINGLAKE was born in Taunton, England, in 1802. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, and was admitted to the bar in 1837. Soon afterwards he made an extended tour through the East, and wrote a description of his travels and observations in a volume entitled "Eöthen; or, Traces of Travel brought Home from the East." Of this work, published in 1844, it has been truly said that "nothing so sparkling, so graphic, so truthful in sentiment, and so poetic in vein, had issued from the press in many a day." Mr. Kinglake's great work, however, is the "History of the Invasion of the Crimea," the first volume of which was published in 1863, and the fifth and last in 1889. Our selection is from "Eöthen."

LX.-HAND-WORKERS AND HEAD-WORKERS.

He

Page 321, Note 1.-JOHN RUSKIN was born in London in 1819. was educated at Oxford University, and in his earlier life devoted much attention to the study of art. His first literary effort was a pamphlet in defence of Turner and the modern English school of landscape-painting. This pamphlet, rewritten and enlarged, became the basis for his work on "Modern Painters." His writings are remarkable for the purity, terseness, and beauty of their diction, and for the plain-spoken truths to which they give utterance. 2. SANCHO PANZA. The esquire of Don Quixote, noted for his grotesque appearance, his shrewdness and humor, and his peculiar and striking proverbs. 3.-DANTE. A great part of Dante's life was spent in exile, "eating bread," as he said, "which savors so strong of salt, and going up and down others' stairs."

4.-BARUCH THE SCRIBE. See Jer. xxxvi. 27-32.

5.-ST. STEPHEN. For the story of Stephen's martyrdom, see Acts vii. 6." What man is there of you, whom if his son ask bread, will he give him a stone?"

LXI.-ODE. INTIMATIONS OF IMMORTALITY.

Page 327, Note 1.-WILLIAM WORDSWORTH was born at Cockermouth, England, in 1770. He was educated at Hawkshead School, and at St. John's College, Cambridge. His first work, "Descriptive Sketches," obtained but few readers, and it was a quarter of a century before the merits of his poetical works were acknowledged. Wordsworth succeeded Southey as poet-laureate in 1843. He died April 23, 1850.

This ode was written in 1803-1806, and first published in 1807. George William Curtis, writing of Wordsworth, says: "Lines of his are household words, like lines of Shakespeare; and it is Wordsworth who has written one of the great English poems- the Ode upon Intimations of Immortality.' For sustained splendor of imagination, deep, solemn, and progressive thought, and exquisite variety of music, that poem is unsurpassed." And Emerson says of this ode that it is "the high-water mark which the intellect has reached in this age."

Henry Vaughan (1621-1695), in his "Silex Scintillans," expresses thoughts similar to the ideas embodied in this ode:

Happy those early days, when I
Shined in my angel infancy!
Before I understood this place
Appointed for my second race,
Or taught my soul to fancy aught
But a white celestial thought;
When yet I had not walked above
A mile or two from my first Love,
And, looking back at that short space,
Could see a glimpse of His bright face;
When on some gilded cloud or flower
My gazing soul would dwell an hour,
And in those weaker glories spy
Some shadows of eternity;

Before I taught my tongue to wound
My conscience with a sinful sound,
Or had the black art to dispense
A several sin to every sense,

But felt through all this fleshly dress
Bright shoots of everlastingness."

ADDITIONAL READING SUGGESTED: The following poems of Wordsworth: "Reverie of Poor Susan," "We are Seven," "To My Sister," "The Two April Mornings," "Heart - Leap Well," "The Solitary Reaper," "Ode to Duty," "Laodamia," "The Wishing-Gate."

LXII. HERVÉ RIEL.

Page 334, Note 1.-ROBERT BROWNING was born at Camberwell, London, in 1812. He was educated at the University of London. His first poem, "Pauline," was published in 1832, and his first drama, "Paracelsus," in 1835. He was married in 1846 to Elizabeth Barrett (see Note 1, page 481). Most of his life was spent in Italy. He died in Venice, Dec. 12,

1889.

Refer to Bagehot's "Literary Studies"; Dowden's "Studies in Literature"; Birrell's "Obiter Dicta," first series; Corson's "Introduction to Browning's Poetry"; Stedman's "Victorian Poets"; and Rolfe's editions of Browning's poems and dramas.

This poem was written in 1871, and the money (£100) received for it was contributed to the fund for supplying the poor of Paris with food after the siege by the Germans.

2.-HOGUE. Cap la Hougue, a cape on the coast of Holland, about thirty miles from the Hague. The battle referred to was fought May 19, 1692, and resulted in the total defeat of the French fleet by the combined forces of the English and the Dutch. Several of the French ships were captured or destroyed; others escaped, as narrated in the poem.

3.-SAINT MALO. A town and fortification on an island at the mouth of

the Rance River, on the coast of France. Its harbor is dry at low tide, but at high tide the water stands forty feet deep.

4.-PRESSED. Forced into service.-TOURVILLE, a French admiral and marshal (1642-1701), who afterwards revenged the defeat at La Hogue. 5.-CROISICKESE. An inhabitant of Croisic, a small fishing-village near the mouth of the Loire. This poem was written in that village.

6.-GRÈVE. A great extent of sandy shallows, laid bare for four or five hours during ebb-tide.

7.-HOLIDAY. Hervé Riel was not quite so modest in his asking as the poet would have us believe. The fact is that he demanded and obtained permission to spend the remainder of his life at home.

ADDITIONAL READING SUGGESTED: Selections from Browning's poems"The Boy and the Angel," "How they Brought the Good News from Ghent to Aix," "Rabbi Ben Ezra," "The Lost Leader," etc.

LXIII. THE IMPEACHMENT OF WARREN HASTINGS.

Page 340, Note 1.-EDMUND BURKE was born in Dublin, Ireland, in 1730, and was educated at Trinity College, in that city. Coming to London, he entered the Temple as a law student. His first attempts at literature-"A Vindication of Natural Society," and an "Essay on the Sublime and Beautiful” -were received with much favor, and gained him admission into the best society. His life was thereafter devoted to politics. As an orator he has had but few superiors. He died in 1797.

2.-WARREN HASTINGS (1732-1818) was Governor-general of India from 1772 to 1785. Having resigned this office and returned to England, he was accused of injustice and tyranny, and of having depopulated whole districts in order to carry out his ambitious projects. On behalf of the House of Commons, Burke brought forward articles of impeachment against him. The trial continued from 1786 to 1795, and ended in the acquittal of Hastings. He was obliged, however, to pay the expenses of the suit, which amounted to more than $300,000.

3.-TRIBUNAL. See Macaulay's famous description of this trial in his essay on "Warren Hastings."

LXIV.-AMERICA AND THE MOTHER-COUNTRY.

Page 343, Note 1.—WILLIAM EWART GLADSTONE was born in Liv. erpool, England, in 1809. He was educated at Eton and at Christ Church College, Oxford. He entered Parliament in 1832; became a member of the British Cabinet in 1845, and continued to occupy that position under.several successive administrations; was elevated to the premiership in 1869, and again in 1880. He has written many works on government, religion, and literature, among which are "The State Considered in its Relations with the Church," "Studies on Homer and the Homeric Age," "Ancient Greece," ""Juventus Mundi," ""Rome and the Latest Fashions in Religion."

LXV. THE WINTER EVENING.

Page 347, Note 1.-WILLIAM COWPER was born at Berkhampstead, England, in 1731, and after receiving some instruction at a country school, was removed to Westminster. On quitting school he began the study of law, but his extreme nervousness, which never left him through life, and at one time deepened into insanity, totally unfitted him for any public occupation. The work by which he is best known is "The Task," from which poem our present selection is taken. Among his shorter poems are several that are well known to all readers, such as "John Gilpin," "Lines on My Mother's Picture," ," "The Castaway," etc. The alternate despondency and hopefulness which characterized his life are reflected in the style and character of his writings. He died in 1800.

ADDITIONAL READING SUGGESTED: The poems named above; also "Boadicea," and further selections from "The Task."

LXVI.-THE FOUNDATION OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE.

Page 350, Note 1.-HENRY EDWARD, CARDINAL MANNING, was born in 1808. He was educated at Harrow and at Balliol College, Oxford. In 1834 he was made Rector of Lavington, in Sussex, and in 1840 Archdeacon of Chichester. He was received into the Roman Catholic Church in 1851, and ordained a priest in 1857. His abilities as a preacher and writer, and as an influential leader of men, were soon recognized; and, within a comparatively short period (June, 1865) he was elevated to the office of cardinal. His writings are chiefly on theological and controversial subjects.

2.-SIR WILLIAM BLACKSTONE (blǎk' ston), an English jurist (1723–1780), author of "Commentary on the Laws of England" (1765).—SIR EDWARD СОКЕ. See Note 4, page 478.

3.-BURGHLEY. Lord Burleigh, William Cecil, an English statesman, primeminister to Queen Elizabeth (1520–1598).

4.-MONTESQUIEU (mon tes kū'). Charles de Secondat, Baron Montesquieu, a French jurist and philosopher (1689-1755).

LXVII-ALEXANDER'S FEAST.

Page 353, Note 1.-JOHN DRYDEN was born at Aldwinkle, England, in 1631, and was educated at Cambridge University. From 1668 to 1688 he was poet-laureate of England. His principal poems are "Absalom and Achitophel," Religio Laici," Mac-Flecknoe," "The Hind and the Panther," "Alexander's Feast." He died in 1700, and was buried next to Chaucer, in Westminster Abbey.

This poem was written in 1697, at the request of the Musical Meeting, and was first set to music by Jeremiah Clark, steward of the festival of St. Cecilia. It was afterwards rearranged by Handel, and performed by him in 1736.