for it was mostly of very recent growth. Philology had taken a great start in Germany, more especially as regards universal grammar, the supposed origin of language, and the classification of languages. At the British Association of 1845, a group of important papers were read and discussed, and Max Müller, under the patronage of Bunsen, made his debut with the English public. These papers and the translated work of German Philology, especially Bopp's Comparative Grammar, constituted the chief sources of the number. I made up for other deficiencies by a good deal of purely psychological speculation as to the invention of language, according to the known laws of the mind. At a later period, this number was replaced by a much superior exposition by Andrew Findlater, who had made himself master of the whole department, and, in addition, composed an elementary manual for schools.

"Psychology" and "Logic" had been first undertaken, and were composed in the course of the year and the first few weeks of 1849.

In Logic, I had, of course, the ordinary scholastic draft, as shaped in the various papers previously composed; and, for Induction, I rested exclusively upon Mill. My chief difference from Mill's treatment consisted in substituting for his Book vi. (the logic of the moral and political sciences), the logic of the Sciences generally, according to the scheme of Auguste Comte. This I retained in my final work on the Logic of Induction.

The paper on the Human Mind so far anticipated the final form given in the volumes on the Senses and the Emotions as to lay out the subject in nearly the same order, and to adopt the same definitions and laws of the chief constituents. A great deal had been thought and written leading up to this point in the course of the previous ten years; and, for the first time, the subject had been methodically set forth, while, in the course of

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composition, many of the portions had been freshly elaborated and expounded. The organic sensations were fully although crudely handled, and the muscular sense put forward at the conclusion of the five senses. The tripartite division of Mind was not distinctly enunciated, but only the fourfold division of Sense, Intellect, Emotion, and Will.

The paper on Rhetoric was not suggested at the same time as the others, and was undertaken with reluctance, under great pressure, in May, 1849. I was barely able to finish it before the enormous strain came upon the office from the outbreak of cholera. It was, perhaps, more highly elaborated than any of the others; and was not directly derived from any one previous work on the subject. It was the outcome of a great many separate studies and efforts to deal with the economizing of language for all its various purposes. The effects of style had been previously looked at as exemplified in the greatest poets, orators, expounders, and stylists generally. More had been done by concentrated attention on select examples than by extensive superficial reading. The extracts given by Leigh Hunt in Wit and Humour were repeatedly conned for principles and generalities of style.

The plan of the handling agreed thus far with that adopted in my first text-book of Rhetoric, but the classification of the figures was less thorough, and there was no attempt to deal with the sentence and the paragraph as a distinct head. Of the various æsthetic qualities, the ludicrous had been the most studied, and the point of view adopted followed the article in the Westminster,viz., the exclusive reference to the degradation of something dignified. Description was for the first time made a distinct form of composition, having laws of its own. Exposition was carried out from the point of view of the logic of Science. The drama gave prominence to the element of the action and re-action of the personages conceived by the dramatist.

An item of my summer study of 1848 was the careful perusal of Mill's Political Economy, which I had opportunities of discussing in detail with himself in morning walks to the India House. Never again did I make a serious application to the subject, and merely picked up in a desultory way what became public in the course of political agitation.

The autumn months passed away without any proposal for a holiday. My health was becoming very indifferent; but I still went on working, in spite of loss of appetite and nervousness. A very bad cold brought matters to a crisis, and, in the beginning of November, I was obliged to leave for an effectual change. Thomas Clark, whom I had parted with in the previous December at Rothesay, had been induced to make trial of the water cure, recently introduced into this country by Dr. Wilson at Malvern, and puffed into notoriety by Bulwer Lytton, who had been much benefited by Wilson's treatment. An establishment was started at Dunoon, on the Clyde, to which Clark resorted, and where he found immediate benefit. As was his way, he took up the cure with extraordinary zeal, made experiments for himself on the various baths, and urged his experience upon other invalids. He wrote me long letters on the subject; and, as there was by this time an establishment opened

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at Rothesay, I went there direct from London, and took the full benefit of the treatment for five weeks. It had a marvellous effect upon my reduced system, as often happened to patients on their first trial of it. I not only regained appetite, but became, for a time, a voracious feeder, and laid on flesh enormously. Equally remarkable was the sobering of the pace of nervous excitement,-a beneficial result that I may say became permanent. I saw Clark constantly while in Rothesay, and we made an excursion together to Moffat to superadd the benefits of a more bracing climate. After a week thus spent, I went to London. On arriving, I made a complete change in my whole plan of life. I got a lodging near the Marble Arch, the way from which to the office was through the three parks. Instead of a soup lunch and a late dinner at an eating-house, I dined in the office upon a meal brought in by a provider to the Government offices; the only other meal to follow being cocoa at my lodgings. I kept up scrupulously a morning bath at a public bathing establishment, and had a long walk on the way home to breakfast. A certain considerable amount of steady exercise became from this time forward a settled plan of my life, under every variety of circumstances.

One remarkable incident in this year that

involved our office was the Chartist rising on the 10th of April. The following extract from a letter depicts the scene so far as we were concerned :"In our office and all the other offices of Government, the windows of the ground floors were fitted with iron bars running up and down, like a lunatic asylum; there were, besides, barricades of deal boxes full of papers built up at each window to be a protection to the people within while firing out upon the mob through narrow openings between the sides of the boxes. Each man in the office mustered between eight and nine in the morning, and had a musket given him with twenty rounds of ball cartridge in a belt for going round the middle. I sat the whole day with my belt about me, snuffing up the smell of new leather. On the Friday after, all the officials of all the offices mustered in the Treasury Board room, and Lord John Russell gave us a speech of thanks for our readiness to take up arms on the occasion."

General Board of Health, 1849-50.

I came back to the office at the New Year (1849) to find, among other things, that the consolidated Commission of Sewers had been named, the nomination lying with the Crown. Chadwick evidently had much to do with the selection, and