appearance. In the end of May, I returned northward, taking leave of him for good; it being quite apparent to himself and to others that his end was not far off. I had not reached home when the newspapers announced that his illness had taken a worse turn. On learning this, I returned to London, and found that he was in that stage when the poison of the disease affected his brain, producing delirium, and scarcely leaving him with the power of speech, while he was barely able to recognize known faces. The lingering stage endured nearly a fortnight.

After the funeral, I saw Mrs. Grote with reference to the publication of the MS. that he had left behind on Aristotle. This was the first thing to be looked to; and I had to undertake the editing, in conjunction with Croom Robertson, who did all the laborious part of the work,-taking up his abode at Shere (Mrs. Grote's country house) for the sake of access to the needful books. I likewise read the MS., but did very little for the proof-sheets came into my hands.

revision, until the

Before the session

commenced, I visited Mrs. Grote, while Robertson was still at work with her, so as to arrange for the publication. The book actually appeared in the following summer.

With regard to a biography, Mrs. Grote herself resolved to prepare what she called Grote's Personal Life; leaving to me to give some account of his political and scholarly labours.

Mrs. Grote was occupied with the Personal Life until the beginning of 1873, when it appeared in the month of March. It was to precede the biographical details that fell to me to execute. These formed an introduction to a selection from his minor works,-published in October of the same year. The composition of the biographical part, as well as the selection and arrangement of the various papers, had been completed in 1872, or the beginning of 1873. I had to take up Grote's first efforts as an author, between 1820 and 1830; the topics being chiefly political. His pronounced Liberalism chimed in with the current of feeling and opinion that brought about the Reform Bill; and he was adopted, in 1832, as member of Parliament for the City of London. His Parliamentary appearances I had to set forth under the two heads of Speeches on the Ballot and Miscellaneous Speeches, presenting a full abstract of both. His retirement from Parliament led to the beginning of his final draft of the History of Greece, on which he was occupied till 1856. The twelve volumes had to be rapidly surveyed, together with a summary of the critical estimates. given of the work at its different stages. This occupied forty pages. The Plato was then reviewed, on the plan of setting forth the author's characteristic handling. A much longer space had to be devoted to the Aristotle, from the still greater weight and fulness of the matter, albeit he had yet a considerable portion of the writings to undertake when his life was cut short. In a comparatively brief summary of his remaining public life, principal stress was laid upon his administrative activity in University College and the University of London. Of this last, he was the ruling spirit for a number of years, and his loss was irreparable.

Winter Session, 1871-72, and Recess following.

The year 1871 saw the meeting of the British Association in Edinburgh, which I attended. Here,

I encountered Dr. E. L. Youmans, the enterprising agent of Messrs. D. Appleton & Co., publishers, New York. He took the opportunity that the Association gave of promulgating the scheme of the International Scientific Series, with a view to obtaining suggestions and contributions from members of the Association. He had already formed a publishing alliance with Herbert Spencer, who, being present at this meeting, assisted him in the way of introduction to the members of the Association most likely to help him. I made the offer of a volume on Mind and Body, for which, by this time, I had a considerable accumulation of materials, and hoped to bring out without much delay. It appeared in 1872.

The alacrity I showed in undertaking this volume was, no doubt, owing to my various preparatory essays and discourses of previous years. Nearly the whole of the theoretical portion had already been provided in some form or other. The general thesis of the connexion of mind and body had been extended by endeavouring to assign modes of nervous action appropriate to the leading divisions of the mind. The whole subject had been simmering for a number of years. More particularly was the attempt made to deal with the connexion of mind and brain by numerical estimates; namely, by taking, on the one hand, the number of psychical situations, and, on the other hand, the nervous groupings rendered possible by the approximately assignable number of nerve cells and fibres.

The primary object of the work being to establish by conclusive evidence the thorough-going connexion of mind

VOLUME ON MIND AND BODY.

313

and brain (senses and muscles being co-operating factors), the earlier chapters were devoted to arguing the position. Next came the hypothetical speculations as to the connexion of bodily functions with the Feelings, the Will, and the Intellect respectively. The chief novelty consisted in the treatment of the intellect upon the method of enumeration just referred to. One circumstance could be ascertained and established as growing out of the very nature of our mental products. The difference between one product and another lay in a certain primary element, A, being united at one time with B, at another time with C, and so on; while the embodiment of these in the nervous framework required nervous groupings corresponding to each, which groupings had to be kept distinct in the brain as they were in consciousness. This is one form of psychical difference. The other form, difference of degree of the same element, might be shown to be resolvable into difference of grouping also. Proceeding on those two modes of mental distinction, a hypothetical enumeration of psychical elements was attempted, and this was compared with the possibilities of nervous grouping in the cells and fibres of the brain.

The hypothesis was a legitimate one; but subsequent reflection led to the belief that the number of psychical elements, although run up to hundreds of thousands, was still inadequate.

A third of the volume was occupied with the historical growth of the prevailing notions respecting mind and body. In this, I had the assistance of G. Croom Robertson in the portion relating to the Fathers of the Church and the Scholastics, and also to the recent German materialists. Since by far the most important of the Middle Age Churchmen, in giving the prevailing doctrine its final shape, was Thomas Aquinas, I obtained from my class assistant at the time, Mr. J. B. Duncan, a careful analysis of the passages in Aquinas, which set forth his arguments and conclusions.

This historical survey was an essential part of the main argument; being intended to show the thoroughly unscientific character of the various steps whereby the common notion was arrived at.

It was necessary to classify the various alternative suppositions as to One or Two Substances, and to maintain the essential phenomenal distinctness of the psychical and the physical, while upholding the indissoluble union of the two. The expounders of the doctrine of the Trinity had formulated the mode of expressing the mystical union that we find in the Athanasian creed, as "not confounding the persons nor dividing the substance," a not inapt rendering of the union of mind and body, given as the conclusion of the argumentative and historical treatment. It was at Grote's suggestion that I made this application.

The work had a wide circulation in this country, in America, and on the Continent, through the translations effected by the publishers of the Series. What amount of influence it exercised in modifying the spiritualistic doctrine of the soul, as finally adjusted by Aquinas and adopted by the Christian Church at large, I have no precise means of determining. I am not aware that any effective reply has ever been made to its arguments. Indeed, so far as I know, a refutation has been seldom attempted.

In the same year was planned A First English Grammar, which, with the Key, was ready in the year following.

Applications had frequently been made to induce me to prepare a first or introductory grammar to pave the way to the higher. This was carried out towards the end of 1871, on the plan and with the views indicated in the preface. The speciality of the work was to provide a series of explanations and exercises of a purely logical character to be gone through in advance of the proper grammatical