tions, not operations, 80-81; urged
by powers to accept Servian reply
as basis for discussion, 81-83; pur-
pose of, regarding Servia, 84-85,
89-95, 97, 101, 104, 105, 106, 128,
139, 153, 154, 223-224; believes
Russia will yield (July 26), 468;
declares war on Servia (July 28),
85-89, 100; action of, against Ser-
via for prestige, 91-92, 107, 213;
public opinion of against Russia,
103, 105; shares with Russia con-
trol of Balkan matters, 147, 188;
hegemony of, in the Balkans, 188-
189; refuses mediation on basis of
Servian note, 212; refuses direct
conversations with Russia con-
cerning Servia, 219-222, 226;
assumes a more conciliatory atti-
tude, 223-224, 226; exchange of
views with Russia, 225-226; did
not "bang the door," 226, 231;
after rupture Servia must also in-
demnize Austria, 234 n, 263; prob-
ably not to be satisfied even with
Servia's complete acceptance of
ultimatum (Grey), 234–235; Saz-
onof's remark concerning rupture
of conversations by, 243 n; unjust
to accuse of dilatory tactics, 251;
agrees to mediation, 252-264; Saz-
onof emphasizes importance of
arresting action against Servia by,
257; considers Grey's proposal for
mediation between Austria and
Servia, 258; diplomacy of, de-
scribed by Viviani, 258–259; might
give Servia or power speaking for
Servia her terms, 259; agreement
with Russia almost in sight, 261,
263; could not be expected to put
off attack on Servia (Bunsen), 262;
and Russia, agreement of, not in-
terrupted by German ultimatum,
263; limits of concessions of, to
Russia, 263; Russia could not al-
low invasion of Servia by, 264; op-
posed to compromise, 266-267 n;
attitude of, toward mediation,
271-273; believes England will
remain neutral, 274; appeals to
England to prevent war, 278; de-
clares war on Russia Aug. 5, 350 n;
Italy considers action of, against
Servia aggressive, 470; to blame for
disregarding diplomatic procedure, ]

483; measures of force justifiable
against Servia, 483; threat of, to
mobilize as excuse for Russian
mobilization, 487 n; responsibility
of, for war less than Germany's,
491; claims to use "peace power"
towards Servia, 501-502; did pre-
cipitate the war? 519; intentions of,
concerning Servian independence,
525; action in 1914 compared with
action of the United States in
1898, 579, 583-586.
Austrian Ambassador at Berlin:
see Count Szogyeny.
Austrian Ambassador at London: see
Mensdorff.

Austrian Ambassador at Paris: see
Szecsen.

Austrian Ambassador at St. Peters-
burg: see Count Szapary.
Austrian Ambassador to United
States: see Dumba.

Austrian Councilor, Ministry of
Foreign Affairs: see Macchio.
Austrian General Secretary of the
Ministry for Foreign Affairs: see
Macchio.

Austrian Minister at Belgrade: see
Geisl von Geislingen.
Austrian Minister for Foreign Af-
fairs: see Berchtold.
Austrian Red Book: substantiates
statements in British White Pa-
per, v.

Austrian Ultimatum: (see also Austro-
Servian conflict - Localization

Servian Note): delivered July 23,
1914, 33-37; secrecy surrounding
drafting of, 41-47; tenor of, known
by von Tchirsky, 42; did Tchirsky
telegraph to Kaiser, 529; foreseen
by Servia, 42-43 n, 45, 47-48; ac-
tivities of Austrian press preced-
ing, 44-45 n; 46-47 and n, 50 n,
74-75 n, 88-89 n, 92, 156; drawn
up by Forgach, 42 n; Italy not
informed of preparation of, 45,
120-121, 467-468; not communi-
cated to England or Russia until
day after its communication to
Servia, 48, 51, 60; terms not
known to Germany, but Germany
back of, 119-125, 520-521; as-
sumes Servia responsible to Aus-
tria alone and not to powers, 52,
61-62 n, 107-108; terms of, 52-53;

text of, 574-576; charges of,
against Servia not proved, 53, 98;
time limit of, 53-54, 56; diplomatic
consensus of opinion regarding,
54-56, 58-59, 64, 70–71 n, 98, 106,
119; effect of, on neutral sympa-
thy, 55 n; a démarche with time
limit or an ultimatum? 56-58, 86-
87; efforts of powers to secure ex-
tension of time limit of, 59-51;
Entente powers influence Servia to
make conciliatory reply to, 62–64;
Servia's reply to, rejected by Aus-
tria, 65; correlation of, with Ser-
via's reply and Austrian rejoinder,
64-75; sixth demand of, supported
by precedent, 72 n, 76 n; Fischer-
auer on, 76-77 n; Lloyd George re-
marks upon, 586; inevitable mobili-
zation following, 186; Berchtold
refuses mediation concerning, 212;
discussed by Sazonof, 214; pro-
posed modification of, 214; Berch-
told does not agree to discuss mod-
ification of, 255; Berchtold author-
izes Schebeko to give explanation
about, 257; Sazonof announces
readiness of Austria to discuss,
257; Austria agrees to submit
terms to mediation (Bunsen), 261;
Austria not willing to modify, 263;
Servia should have accepted (San
Giuliano), 462; not intended to be
accepted, 519; affected Servian
independence, 525.

Austrian Under Secretary of State
for Foreign Affairs: see Forgach.
Austro-German Alliance: treaty of
Oct. 7, 1879, 540.
Austro-Servian conflict: Russia's in-
terest in, 96-104; Dumba on, 587.
Avarna, Duc d', Italian Ambassador
at Vienna: kept in dark about
Austrian ultimatum, 45-46, 468.
Aviators, French: alleged violation
by, of German territory, 173-174
n, 325.

Avlona: designs of Italy and Austria
on, 32.

Bagdad Railway: 20, 123.

Balance of Power: Dual Alliance
helps to effect, 9; reëstablished by
Dual Alliance, 15; between En-
tente and Albania, effect on peace
of Europe, 15; affected not merely

by annexation of territory (Mun-
roe Smith), 99 n; reaffirmation of,
276; English policy of, 313-314;
displacement of, cause of the war,
476-479; Germany checked by
English policy of, 511 n. Belgium
and the balance of power (Usher),
597.

Balance of power in Balkans: Aus-
trian assurances regarding, 84-85,
97, 101, 139; Russian fears regard-
ing, 105-108.

-

Balin: criticizes Grey, 354 n.
Balkans (see also Bosnia and Herze-
govina Bulgaria Servia
Turkey): general concern of Eu-
rope, 4, 195-197, 519; Russian
and Austrian ambitions in, 19, 91-
94, 96, 147-149, 482; attitude of
France and England toward, 21,
29, 31, 147, 195-196, 289, 293–295;
bi-partisan control of, 147, 188,
195; Bismarck's policy regarding,
485 n; unite against Turkey, 26-
27; Treaty of London (1913), 27;
quarrel over spoils, 28-29; Treaty
of Bukharest (1913), 29; how af-
fected by Balkan wars, 78; Aus-
trian assurances regarding balance
of power in, 84-85, 97, 101, 139;
Russia's interpretation of Austrian
assurances, 105-108, 254 n; Eng-
lish position regarding question of,
278.

Balkan Wars: 26-34.
Bank of England: 308.
Barnardiston, Lieutenant Colonel:
395 ff.; perfidious announcements
of, 398.

Barrère, French Ambassador to Italy.
Beer, George Louis: answers Dern-
burg on 'Willy-Georgie-Nicky"
correspondence, 335 n.

Belgian Documents (see also Anglo-
Belgian Conversations): method
of publication of, 399 n.
Belgian Gray Paper: viii.
Belgian Minister at Berlin: see Bey-
ens, Greindl.

Belgian Minister at Washington: see
Havenith.

Belgian Minister for Foreign Affairs:
see Davignan.
Belgian neutrality (see also Neutrali-
zation Neutrality): established
(1831) by Concert of Powers, 5-6;

1870) regulating, 600, 602; re-
spected during Franco-Prussian
War, 6-7; English position regard-
ing, 287; part of Germany's bid
for England's neutrality, 297-303,
332 n, 353-354; affects English
opinion, 300-301; diplomatic im-
portance to England of question
of, 313-316, 332 n; Henry James
on violation of, 314; England,
France, Germany and Belgium
regarding, 316-323, 332 n; Eng-
land's inquiry relative to, 316-
328; Germany's reason for not
stating attitude, 317, 321, 404;
Jagow on, 321-322, 362–364; Ger-
many's ultimatum and Belgium's
reply, 323-328, 361-362; violation
of, casus belli for England, 352-
370; violated by Germany (Aug.
4), 362-363; 'scrap of paper"
(Bethmann-Hollweg), 365-366;
(David Jayne Hill), 382; Grey's
statement (1913) regarding, 401-
402; England's intention of violat-
ing, 396-397, 401, 402-405; Grey
gives no assurance that France will
respect (Delbrück), 405 n; right to
defend without appeal from Bel-
gium, 405; King Albert's defense
of, 407 n; attitude of Holland to-
wards defense of, 411; alleged vio-
lations of, 415-422; French viola-
tions of, 415-422; France not
likely to violate, 417-418; right of
Belgium to defend, 431-441; Grey
calls upon Belgium to defend, 435;
and English intervention (Beth-
mann-Hollweg), 443-445; did
France plan violation of, 520; no
evidence of violations of, alleged
by Germany, 526; parliamentary
debates regarding (text), 615 f.
Anglo-Belgian military prepara-
tions to defend (text of secret docu-
ments), 626; documents published
by Germany relative to violation
of, by England and Belgium, 631,
634.

Belgian preparations: against Ger-
man invasion, effects of, 411-
415.

Belgian resistance: reasons for, 434;
necessary to preserve independ-
ence, 453.

try of Foreign Affairs: see Elst.
Belgian spy system: Barnardiston
urges adoption of, 395 n.
Belgium (see also Belgian neutrality
Belgian resistance mobiliza-

tion, Belgian, etc.): Richelieu's
proposal regarding, 595; united to
Holland by Congress of Vienna
(1815), 5; a "buffer" or "stopper"
state, 5 n; revolts from Holland
(1830), 5; England wishes to main-
tain independence of, 5; made per-
petually neutral by Concert of
Powers (1831), 6; French designs
upon, before Franco-Prussian War,
5-6; mobilization of, 310 n; hostile
acts of, 317; to maintain neutral-
ity, 319-320; relations with Ger-
many, 322-323, 409-410; at the
Hague Conference, 322, 409; Ger-
man ultimatum to, 323-324; an-
swers German demands, 326-327;
Germany violates, 362-363; mean-
ing of Gladstone's statement re-
garding, 386; changed conditions,
effect on treaty of (1839), 387;
obligation of United States to
protect, 391; England's plans for
the invasion of, 398; warns Ger-
man Minister against unauthor-
ized conversations, 407-408; Min-
ister of, at Washington, transmits
statement regarding Anglo-Bel-
gian conversations, 407-408; right
to defend neutralization, 431-441;
and the balance of power (Usher),
597; England's position in regard
to (Grey), 620 ff.; Gladstone's let-
ter to Bright concerning incorpo-
ration of, by France, 624.
Belgium, the case of (see also Anglo-

Belgian Conversations): 624–631.
Belgium, invasion of: duty of all
states to prevent, 390-391; Eng-
land's plans for, 398; list of Ger-
man excuses, 402; violation of in-
ternational law (Bethmann-Holl-
weg), 445; France not intending,
448; Germany has another feasible
plan, 449; compared to trespass,
452; causes influencing Germany
to, 480-481; France intends (Del-
brück), 488 n; forced on Germany
because of "hostage" policy to-
wards France, 488; strategic con-

siderations leading Germany to
make (Delbrück), 488 n; why Ger-
many provoked England by, 522;
not necessary, 522; England's atti-
tude towards, 526; popular error
concerning, in England and Ger-
many, 526; effect upon England,
as compared with effect of inva-
sion of Holland, 526.

Belgium, King of: see Albert, King of
Belgium.

Belgrade: bombardment of, 140, 244;
induced to yield by powers, 231;
occupation of, 236-239; mediation
after occupation of, 236-239.
Below-Saleske, von, German Minis-
ter at Brussels: announces that
Germany will employ force against
Belgium, 439.

Benckendorff, Count, Russian Am-
bassador at London.
Benedetti: proposes partition of Bel-
gium, 6; plan of, to incorporate
Belgium in France (Gladstone),
624.

Benton, William S.: 76 n.
Berchtold, Count, Austrian Minister
for Foreign Affairs: on Treaty of
London (1913), 32 n; tells of Aus-
trian démarche, 57; on Servian
note, 79; Austrian "prestige en-
gaged," 107; instructions of, to
German representatives (July 28),
131-132; refuses mediation pro-
posal, 212; urges Germany to
threaten Russia to arrest mobiliza-
tion, 246 n; authorizes Szapary to
give explanations about Austrian
ultimatum, 257.

Berthelot, of the French Ministry for
Foreign Affairs: Germany aims at
war (July 27), 161.

Bertie, Sir Francis, English Ambas-
sador at Paris.
Bethmann-Hollweg, von, German
Chancellor: efforts of, to preach
peace at Vienna, 114-115; speech
of, in Reichstag (Aug. 4), 130 n,
145-146, 173; announces danger of
war, 138, 141; tells of Emperor's
mediation, 141; counsel to Aus-
tria, 233; blames rupture on Rus-
sian mobilization, 242; England
responsible for war, 278 n; English
replies, 278 n, 282 n; policy of, to
effect better understanding be-

tween England and Germany,
280-282, 364-366; bids for Eng-
land's_neutrality, 297-299, 307;
asks French reply on Belgium,
317-318; Belgian neutrality, 321,
416; telegram on French neutral-
ity, 329; states Germany's posi-
tion regarding Luxemburg, 338;
"just for a scrap of paper," 365-
366; Grey's commentary on press
interview with, 406-407 n; remark
in Reichstag about England and
Belgian neutrality (speech Dec. 2),
443; text of speech, 568-569; inva
sion of Belgium, violation of inter-
national law, 445; translation of
remarks of, concerning necessity,
445-446 n; remarks concerning
observance of treaties compared
with Bismarck, 453 n; scrap of
paper" remark causes unfavorable
impression in U.S., 454 n; remarks
on Grey statement of England's
intentions toward Belgium, 455 n;
England's policy to check Ger-
many through balance of power,
511 n. (Speech Dec. 2) England's
policy prevents agreement, 568-
569.

66

Beyens, Belgian Minister at Berlin:
disbelief of, regarding Germany's
ignorance of Austrian ultimatum,
121; interview with Jagow, 436-
438.

Bieberstein, Baron, Marschall von:
diplomacy of, at Constantinople,
20, 22-23 n, 505; opposes obliga-
tory arbitration at Hague, 513.
Bienvenu-Martin, French Acting
Minister for Foreign Affairs and
Minister of Justice: believes Ger-
many is trying to alienate France
and Russia, 153-154; sums up
situation (July 29), 154-155; on
attitude of Germany and Aus-
tria (July 27), 160-161; concern-
ing French representations at St.
Petersburg, 163-164.

Biological test: states favored by, 452.
Bipartisan control of Balkan affairs:
195.

Birth control: Germany's view of,
506-507.
Bismarck: diplomacy regarding pro-
posed partition of Belgium, 6; pol-
icy of, toward Austria, 7-8; speech