hardly less important to the settlers. James had not consented to forego his seignorial rights over the province. Penn considered it essential to his plans that no hostile power should ever be able to shut his people out from commerce with the world—an event clearly possible if the mouth of the Delaware was to be held by an enemy. To prevent an evil of so much magnitude to the future state, Penn obtained from His Royal Highness a grant of the strip of land fronting the Delaware from Coaquannoc to Cape Henlopen, then called the Territories, now forming the State of Delaware. Some months elapsed before these great affairs could be arranged with the Duke's agents; but on Wednesday, the 24th of August, two drafts, of conveyance were sent by his Royal Highness to the Board of Trade, in which he formally made over all his rights and titles in these estates to Penn and his heirs for ever. These important concessions relieved the new proprietor from every immediate fear; and Penn was now become the lord paramount of territories almost as large as England. James behaved to him in all these matters like an honest guardian and a faithful friend.

Excited by his happy fortunes, Penn pushed on his preparations for the voyage with zeal. William Bradford, a printer of Leicester, agreed to go out with his presses. Wallis, the famous mathematician, suggested how much Penn might do to extend the domain of science. Statesmen were at fault as to the geography of America; its natural history was hardly better known to scholars.

Penn agreed to make and transmit to England observations on points of scientific interest; and the Royal Society, then recently founded, elected him a member.

Lady Penn, the merry romp and loving mother, died while he was hurrying on these preparations for his voyage. She was affectionate to her son, without understanding his principles or altogether approving his conduct. Her removal was a blow to him; his sister, Margaret Lowther, being the only one now left to him of his father's blood. For many days he was unable to bear the light; and weeks elapsed before the usual calm returned to his heart—the habitual activity to his brain.

The Welcome, which was to take him out to America, was already in the Downs. Compared with many other ships then navigating the Atlantic, the Welcome, carrying three hundred tons burden, was a stately bark. On deck a hundred pale and anxious faces gathered; it was getting deep into the autumn, and a winter voyage was then regarded with alarm. The men were well-to-do, and many of them had been used from their birth to all the comforts of life. As yet the Governor was on shore; but his servants, his furniture, his wine, his guns, his horses, his provisions, his wardrobe, his carved doors and window-frames, and the whole interior decoration of the house at Pennsbury Manor, were on board.

The voyage might last from six to fourteen weeks according to the wind and weather, and every man had to be provisioned for the longer term.

It

is not to be supposed that Friends going out to found a free state denied themselves the consolations of meat and drink. A list of comforts put on board one vessel leaving the Delaware for London on behalf of a Quaker preacher, gives us-32 fowls, 7 turkeys, 11 ducks, 2 hams, a barrel of china oranges, a large keg of sweetmeats, a keg of rum, a pot of tamarinds, a box of spices, ditto of dried herbs, 18 cocoa-nuts, a box of eggs, six balls of chocolate, six dried codfish and five shaddock, six bottles of citron-water, four bottles of madeira, five dozen of good ale, one large keg of wine and nine pints of brandy. There was also much solid food in the shape of flour, sheep, and hogs. Imagine a hundred emigrants so furnished; the grunting of hogs, the screaming of fowls, the bah-ing of sheep, the gabbling of ducks, the litter of bags and boxes, the breaking of bottles, the rolling of barrels, the shouts of the sailors, the anxious faces of men and women about to try a new world-imagine this, and the reader has a picture of the Welcome as she lay off Deal on the first day of September, 1682, waiting the arrival of Governor Penn.

Everything being arranged as to the public duties of his mission, the Coloniser gave up his last thoughts in England to Guli and his family. To Springett had been given a brother William, and a sister Lettie. In an age of 'ferries' it is not easy to conceive the feelings of a man who was about to make the voyage to America. Half a century later a Yorkshire squire conceived it necessary to make his will before starting on a trip

to London; still more needful were such preparations thought when a man proposed to cross the Atlantic. Penn had wished to take his family out with him; for it was his wish to settle in the country now become his own; but information as to perils and privations to be encountered by the first settlers, consideration for Guli's health, then delicate, and for the education of his children, caused him to abandon this idea. Yet he was not happy. Death had snatched away two of those experienced persons in whose care he could have left them: Isaac Pennington and Lady Penn. The grandmother of his little children was at hand. On Lady Springett, Thomas Ellwood, and other attached and faithful friends, he felt he could rely; and yet, with all these solaces, it was a bitter thing to part from his family for months—for years—and it might easily be for ever; to encounter danger in unaccustomed shapes, storms at sea, tropical fevers, hardships in the wilderness; nay, more-as, in the faith of an expounder of new doctrines-he was about to place himself, unarmed, in the power of savages, too much accustomed to the tomahawk and scalping-knife-and though a strong believer in the native virtues of the Redskins, when these savages were treated well,―he could not help feeling that before he might have time to impress their minds with confidence in his integrity of purpose, some mischance might lead him into peril of his life.

He made his arrangements as if he were never to return. His hope was to prepare a home for

those whom he was now about to leave behind; but being doubtful whether Providence had not designed this leave to be his final one, he wrote at length his parting admonitions to his wife and children. This testament is full of wise and noble counsels, earnestly conceived, and tenderly conveyed. Foreseeing that his Holy Experiment might be a drain on his private means, he wishes Guli to be economical, though not parsimonious, in her household. She is to make one great exception, however; in the education of his children she is not to spare. He means the education to be useful and practical. Springett and William are to acquire a sound knowledge of building, ship-carpentry, measuring, levelling, surveying, and navigation; but he desires that their chief attention shall be given to agriculture. Lettie is to pay attention to the affairs of a household as well as to the accomplishments of her sex: Let my children be husbandmen and housewifes.' In his parting moments he did not forget that his little children might become the rulers of his province,— and his wishes on this subject were recorded for their guidance. As for you,' he writes, 'who are likely to be concerned in the government of Pennsylvania, I do charge you before the Lord God and His holy angels, that you be lowly, diligent, and tender, fearing God, loving the people and hating covetous

ness.

Let justice have its impartial course, and the law free passage. Though to your loss, protect no man against it; for you are not above the law, but the law above you. Live therefore the lives yourselves you would have the people live, and then