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CONTENTS
PART I
THE ACTIVITIES OF ANIMALS
CHAPTER I
THE WEALTH OF LIFE
1. Variety of life-2. Haunts of life-3. Wealth of form—4.
Wealth of numbers-5. Wealth of beauty
CHAPTER II
THE WEB OF LIFE
pp. 1-17
1. Dependence upon surroundings-2. Inter-relations of plants and
animals-3. Relation of animals to the earth-4. Nutritive
relations-5. More complex interactions.
CHAPTER III
THE STRUGGLE OF LIFE
pp. 18-32
1. Nature of the struggle for existence-2. Armour and weapons-
3. Different forms of struggle
CHAPTER IV
SHIFTS FOR A LIVING
pp. 33-47
1. Insulation-2. Change of habit and habitat-3. Parasitism-
4. General resemblance to surroundings-5. Variable colour-
ing-6. Rapid change of colour-7. Special protective resem-
blance-8. Warning colours-9. Mimicry-10. Masking—11.
Combination of advantageous qualities-12. Surrender of parts
pp. 48-71
CHAPTER V
SOCIAL LIFE OF ANIMALS
1. Partnerships-2. Co-operation and division of labour-3. Gre-
garious life and combined action-4. Beavers-5. Bees-6.
Ants-7. Termites-8. Evolution
tages of social life-10. A note on
Conclusions
66
of social life-9. Advan-
the social organism ”—11.
pp. 72-99
CHAPTER VI
THE DOMESTIC LIFE OF ANIMALS
1. The love of mates-2. Love and care for offspring pp. 100-124
CHAPTER VII
THE INDUSTRIES OF ANIMALS
1. Hunting-2. Shepherding-3. Storing-4. Making of homes-
5. Other instances of constructive skill-6. Movements
pp. 125-137
CHAPTER VIII
THE FUNCTIONS OF THE BODY
1. Master activities and subsidiary activities-2. Functions of the
nervous system-3. Muscular activity-4. Nutritive functions
-5. Functions of the liver-6. Respiration-7. Excretion-
8. Organs of internal secretion-9. Functions of the blood—
10. Modern conception of Protoplasm
pp. 138-157
CHAPTER IX
ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR
1. The study of behaviour-2. Restless movements of unicellular
animals-3. Organic reactions-4. Trial and error among
Protozoa-5. Reflex actions-6. Tropisms-7. Trial move-
ments-8. Instinctive behaviour-9. Intelligent behaviour-
10. Registration and habituation-11. Rational Conduct-12.
Artistic skill-13. Spontaneity-14. Purpose
pp. 158-179
CHAPTER X
VITALITY
1. Persistence of a complex specific metabolism and of a correspond-
ing specific organisation-2. The capacity for growth, repro-
duction, and development-3. Effective behaviour, registration,
of experience and variability-4. Organism and mechanism-
5. The uniqueness of life
pp. 180-187
PART II
STRUCTURE AND CLASSIFICATION OF
ANIMALS
CHAPTER XI
THE ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURE
1. The resemblances and contrasts between plants and animals-2.
The relation of the simplest animals to those which are more
complex-3. Structural analysis of the animal body: organs,
tissues, cells, and protoplasm-4. Organs and organelles-5.
Classification of organs-6. Correlation of organs-7. Homology,
analogy, and convergence-8. Change of function-9. Substi-
tution of organs-10. Vestigial organs-11. Adaptation in
organs pp. 188-218
CHAPTER XII
BACKBONELESS ANIMALS
1. Protozoa-2. Sponges-3. Stinging-animals or Colentera—4.
"Worms "-5. Echinoderms-6. Arthropods-7. Molluscs
pp. 219-264
CHAPTER XIII
BACKBONED ANIMALS
1. Enteropneusts-2. Tunicates-3. Lancelets-4. Round-mouths
or Cyclostomes-5. Fishes-6. Amphibians-7. Reptiles-8.
Birds-9. Mammals
pp. 265-297
PART III
DEVELOPMENT AND LIFE-HISTORIES
CHAPTER XIV
THE CONTINUANCE OF LIFE
1. Modes of reproduction-2. The evolution of sex-3. Divergent
modes of reproduction-4. Historical-5. The egg-cell or ovum
-6. The male-cell or spermatozoon-7. Maturation-8. Fer-
tilisation
pp. 298-312
CHAPTER XV
DEVELOPMENT
1. Segmentation and after-2. Differentiation-3. Some generalisa-
tions: (a) The ovum theory; (b) the gastræa theory; (c)
recapitulation; (d) organic continuity
CHAPTER XVI
LIFE-HISTORIES
pp. 313-322
1. The curve of life—2. Larval periods-3. Prolonged embryonic
life-4. Intricate life-histories-5. Prolonged youth-6. Ado-
lescence-7. Senescence and rejuvenescence-8. Death—9.
Retrospect pp. 323-337
PART IV
THE EVOLUTION OF ANIMAL LIFE
CHAPTER XVII
THE EVIDENCES OF EVOLUTION
1. The idea of evolution-2. Arguments for evolution: physio-
logical, morphological, historical
pp. 338-345