In 1608, another expedition was fitted out, and Hudson made a second voyage under the same association. In the main object of the enterprise, he was again unsuccessful. The company then suspended their patronage. Hudson went to Holland, and entered into the service of the celebrated Dutch East India Company.

A small ship called, the Half-Moon, was equipped, and entrusted to his command. He left Amsterdam on the 4th of April, 1609, and once more encountered the inclemency of the northern seas. His progress was again intercepted by the ice, and he formed the design of visiting America, in hopes of making some discoveries, that might prove an indemnification for his failure in the north.

He arrived off the banks of Newfoundland early in July, and after coasting as far south, as Virginia, and experiencing severe gales, on the 2d of Sept. he espied the Highlands of Neversink, passed Sandy Hook on the 3d, and on the following day is said to have made his first landing on Coney Island, opposite Gravesend.

SEC. II. Hudson passed one month in exploring the extent of his discovery. Early in October, he put to sea with the intention of returning to Holland. A mutiny having risen among the crew, he was compelled to land in England, where he was detained, by an exercise of the royal prerogative.

While examining the country, Hudson ascended the river with the "Half-Moon" as far as Albany; and with his boat probably reached the spot upon which is the village of Waterford. In the course of this excursion, he had several friendly interviews with the natives.

Give some account of the expedition in 1608.- -Into whose service did Hudson then enter ?- Give some account of his next voyage.- --Where did he first land?

What prevented

111. How long did he remain in the country?his return to Holland?- -How far did he ascend the river? What is said of his intercourse with the natives?

On his return, however, to Manhattan, a considerable number of the Indians had assembled at the head of the island, and, as he approached, assailed him with a volley of arrows from their canoes. By a few discharges of cannon and muskets, which killed several of the savages, the attack was repulsed, and the assailants put to flight.

§ The Iroquois have a curious tradition with regard to the first interview with the whites. They say, that, a long time ago, before men with a white skin had ever been seen, some Indians, fishing at a place where the sea widens, espied something at a distance moving on the water. What it could be baffled all conjecture. Some supposed it a large fish, or animal, others that it was a very big house floating on the sea. Runners were sent off in all directions to carry the news to their scattered chiefs. When they saw it coming into the river, they concluded that it must be a remarkable large house, in which the Manitto, (or Great Spirit,) was coming to visit them. The chiefs now assembled at York Island, and made preparations to receive their Manitto.

The vessel at length comes to anchor, and some of the crew approach the shore in a boat. The Indians are amazed at their color and dress, particularly of one, who glittered in red, and whom they supposed must be the Manitto. On their landing, the chiefs and wise men form a circle, into which the supposed Manitto with two attendants entered. He salutes them with a friendly countenance, and they return his salute after their manner.

A large elegant Hock-hack (gourd or bottle,) is brought by one of the Manitto's servants, from which, a substance is poured into a cup or glass, and handed to the Manitto. He drinks, has the cup refilled and handed to the chief near him, who smells it, and passes it to the next. The cup in this manner passes round the circle, when one of them, a great warrior, harangues them on the impropriety of returning the cup unemptied. It was handed to them, he said, by the Manitto, to drink out of, as he had. To follow his example would please him—to reject it might provoke his wrath, and if no one else would, he would drink it, let what would follow.

He then took the cup, and, bidding adieu to those around, drank the contents. He soon began to stagger. He rolled on the ground, and fell asleep. They at first thought he had expired, but soon perceived he still breathed. He awoke, jumped up, and declared he never felt more happy. He asked for more, and the whole assembly imitating him became intoxicated.

After this intoxication ceased, during which the whites confined themselves to their vessel, the man in red returned, and distributed among them beads, axes, hoes, and stockings. The whites made them understand that they would return home, and visit them again the next year with presents.

Accordingly the vessel arrived the following year, and they were much rejoiced to see each other; but the whites laughed, when they

What occurred on his return to Manhattan?

saw the axes and hoes hanging as ornaments to their breasts, and the stockings used as tobacco pouches. The whites now put handles in the former, and cut down trees before their eyes, and dug the ground, and showed them the use of stockings. Here they say a general laughter ensued to think they had remained ignorant of the use of these things, and had borne so long such heavy metal suspended from their necks.*

SEC. IV. Hudson, on his arrival in England, being forbidden by the English Government to return to Holland, or again enter the service of the Dutch, reentered the service of the London company, which had patronised him in his two first voyages.

He transmitted, to the Dutch East India directors, the journal of his recent voyage, with an account of his discoveries; and the "Half-Moon,” after being sometime detained at Dartmouth, was permitted to return to Amsterdam, where she arrived early in 1610. In April of the same year, Hudson was again sent out, by the London company, on a northern expedition, from which he never returned.

The last voyage and tragical fate of this distinguished navigator, are subjects to which we cannot advert, without the most painful emotions. After encountering for a long time the dangers of the northern seas, a mutiny broke out among the crew, and Hudson with eight others, was placed in an open boat, and abandoned to the tempests of those inhospitable regions.

Nothing more has ever been heard from them, and they probably either perished in a storm, or by the more protracted horrors of famine. The English deeply lamented the loss of a countryman, whose achievements as a navi

* Moulton.

IV. What did Hudson do on his arrival in England?What is said of the " Half Moon"?-On what expedition was Hudson -again sent out?

Give some account of his fate.

gator, had reflected honor on a nation already distinguished for its illustrious seamen. Hudson's personal qualities and virtues, displayed during his four voyages, at times which were caluclated to try character, will ever be contemplated with pleasure and admiration.

SEC. v. 1610. The Dutch East India company fitted out a ship for a second visit to the newly discovered land, for the purpose of trade. The only object was a cargo of furs, but the voyage was more important in its consequences, being the prelude to the fur trade, which led to the subsequent colonization of the country.

The directors of the East India company, who had patronised Hudson's design of a northern passage to India, though disappointed in this object, appreciated his minor discovery. They looked to the Great River, and anticipated in the fur trade, an indemnity for past expenses. This article could now be obtained from the Indians in America on more advantageous terms, than formerly from the north of Europe.

The voyage was successful, and therefore repeated. The fame of its profits and of the country stimulated adventurers; and within three years, much competition arose in this new branch of the commerce of Holland.

The effects of this rivalry were sensibly felt by those, who had seconded Hudson's voyage. A memorial was therefore presented to their High Mightinesses the Lords States-General, stating, that they, who had incurred the expense and risk of originating discoveries, were prevented, by an unjust competition, from realizing an adequate remuneration.

SEC. VI. 1614. The States passed an edict on the 27th of March that "all persons, who had discovered, or might discover any rivers, bays,

V.

What was the object of the expedition in 1610 ?you say of the consequences of the voyage?

-What can

Was the voyage successful?What followed?
VI. What edict was passed by the States General in 1614?

or harbors. or countries before unknown, should enjoy, besides other advantages, the exclusive trade there for four successive voyages." This act was the foundation of the Amsterdam Licensed Trading West India Company.

The members of this company had a double object; to secure the possession of the Great River by fortifications, and to extend their commercial privileges under the edict by the discovery of circumjacent places. Two ships were the same year fitted out for the accomplishment of this purpose.

SEC. VII. In the fall of 1614, the first fortified settlement was established on Castle Island, a short distance below Albany. In the following year, 1615 a similar establishment was effected at Manhattan, on an elevated spot near the southern extremity of the island.*

It has been affirmed, that as early, as 1613, an insignificant warehouse was erected on a small island just below Albany; and that in 1614, four houses were on the island of Manhattan.

If such was the fact, they must have been temporary in design, and consequently frail in structure; for, it is hardly probable, that any fortified, or permanent settlement could have been contemplated, so long as the country was unappropriated, and its trade participated by all adventurers.

In 1617, the fort on Castle Island was abandoned in consequence of the high floods, and a new fortification erected a few miles south on the shore of Nordtman's Kill.

"On the site of the Macomb houses in Broadway, New York.

Of what company was this act the foundation?

What was the object of this Company?

VII. When, and where was the first fortified settlement established?- When at Manhattan?

Why is it not probable settlements were made earlier than this?