his conduct towards the Jewish nation. Let us, therefore, place God in common over them both; and there will be on one side, the Jewish nation; and on the other, mankind; on one side, Canaan, and a national prosperity; on the other, heaven and human happiness : on one side, a redemption from Egyptian servitude, and national evils; on the other, a redemption of the whole human race from absolute evil; on one side, national crimes atoned by national ceremonies, sacrifices, priests; on the other, sins expiated by the one universal sacrifice of JESUS CHRIST: on one side, national and temporary saviours, kings, prophets, &c.; on the other, all this universal, and eternal: on one side, the Law, and every branch of it, adapted to a favorite nation; on the other, the everlasting Gospel, suited to all mankind. It is impossible, therefore, that God can say any thing to David, under the quality of king of this chosen nation, which he does not speak, at the same time, to JESUS CHRIST, as King of all the elect, and that in a truer and nobler sense. To each of them he speaks in a sense adapted to the nature of their respective kingdoms. Nor is the latter a bare accommodation of words, but the first and highest meaning of them, and which only, absolutely speaking, can be the true sense of God; the other being this sense, confined to a particular circumstance; in other words, an absolute truth, made history and matter of fact. This is a principle, which shows, that, far from denying the Christian application, I consider the literal and historical sense only as a kind of vehicle for it."

Upon this plan it is, that many of the Psalms are interpreted in the following sheets.

În such of them as were written by David, and treat of his affairs, that extraordinary person is considered as an illustrious representative of Messiah, who is more than once foretold under the name of David, and to whom are applied, in the New Testament, Psalms which do undoubtedly, in the letter of them, relate to David,

Preface to an Essay toward a New English Version of the Book of Psalms, by the Reverend Mr. MUDGE,

and were composed on occasion of particular occurrences which befell him; a circumstance in theology, to be accounted for on no other principle.

When, therefore, he describeth himself as one hated and persecuted without a cause; as one accused of crimes which he never committed, and suffering for sins the very thoughts of which he abhorred; as one whose life was embittered by affliction, and his soul overwhelmed with sorrows; yet, withal, as one whom no troubles could induce to renounce his trust and confidence in the promises of God concerning him; when he repeated his resolutions of adhering to the divine law, setting forth its various excellencies, and the comforts which it afforded him in the days of adversity; when he complaineth of that implacable malice, and unrelenting fury, with which he was pursued by Saul and his attendants, by Doeg the Edomite, by rebellious Absalom, traitorous Ahithophel, &c. and when, contrary to all appearances, he predicteth their destruction, with his own final exaltation; in expounding the Psalms of this cast and complexion, it hath been my endeavour to direct the reader's thoughts to parallel circumstances, which present themselves in the history of the true David; his sorrows and sufferings; his resignation under them all; his obedience to the will of his Father; the temper and behaviour of his betrayers and murderers; the prophecies of judg ments to be inflicted on them, and of glory to be conferred on him. As the Psalter was the liturgy of the Jewish church, of which our Lord was a member, and to which he therefore entirely conformed during his abode and humiliation on earth, he might pour forth his complaints, and offer up his prayers and supplications, with strong crying and tears," in the very words which his progenitor David had before used under his own troubles, but which were given by inspiration, with a view to the case of that blessed Person whom, in those troubles, he had the honor to prefigure. Other Psalms there are, which disclose far different In them the sorrows of David are at an end,

scenes.

Heb. v, 7.

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and the day of his deliverance hath already dawned. The heavens are opened, and Jehovah appeareth in the cause of his afflicted servant. He descendeth from above, encompassed with clouds and darkness, preceded by fire and hail, proclaimed by thunder and earthquake, and attended by lightnings and whirlwinds. The mountains smoke, and the rocks melt before him; the foundations of the globe are uncovered, and the deep from beneath is moved at his presence. The adversary is dismayed and confounded; opposition, in the height of its career, feels the blast through all its powers, and instantly withers away. The anointed of God, according to his original designation, is at length elevated to the throne; his sceptre is extended over the nations; the temple is planned by him, and erected by his son; the services of religion are appointed in perfect order and beauty; Jerusalem becometh a praise in all the earth: and the kingdom is established in honor, peace, and felicity. If in Psalms of the former kind the holy Jesus might behold those persecutions and sufferings, under which he was to be humbled, and to mourn, during his pilgrimage here. below; in Psalms of this latter sort, he might strengthen and console himself, as a man touched with the feeling of our infirmities, and tempted in all points like as we are,' by viewing the glory that should follow;' by contemplating the manifestation of the Father in favor of his beloved Son; his own joyful resurrection, triumphant ascension, and magnificent inauguration; the conversion of the world, and the establishment of the church; events, which were foreshadowed by those above mentioned and to which, when the strongest expressions made use of by the divine Psalmist are applied, they will no longer appear hyperbolical; especially if we bear in mind, that these prophetic descriptions wait for their full and final accomplishment at that day, when the mystical 'body of Christ,' having filled up that which is behind of his afflictions,' shall also, amidst the pangs and convulsions of departing nature, arise from the dead, and ascend into heaven; where all the members of that body,

1 Colos, i. 24.

which have been afflicted and have mourned with their Lord and Master, shall be comforted and glorified together with him.1

In some of the Psalms, David appears as one suffering for his sins. When man speaks of sin, he speaks of what is his own; and, therefore, every Psalm where sin is confessed to be the cause of sorrow, belongs originally and properly to us, as fallen sons of Adam, like David and all other men. This is the case of the fifty-first, and the rest of those which are styled Penitential Psalms, and have always been used in the church as such. Sometimes, indeed, it happens, that we meet with heavy complaints of the number and burden of sins, in Psalms from which passages are quoted in the New Testament as uttered by our Redeemer, and in which there seems to be no change of person, from beginning to end. We are assured, for instance, by the apostle, Heb. x. 5. that the sixth, seventh, and eighth verses of the fortieth Psalm, Sacrifice and offering thou didst not desire,' &c. are spoken by Messiah coming to abolish the legal sacrifices, by the oblation of himself once for all. The same person, to appearance, continues speaking, and, only three verses after, complains in the following terms: Innumerable evils have compassed me about, mine iniquities have taken hold upon me, so that I am not able to look up; they are more than the hairs of my head, therefore my heart faileth me." So again, there are no less than five quotations from different parts of the sixtyninth Psalm, all concurring to inform us that Christ is the speaker through that whole Psalm. Yet the fifth

Neque prætermittendum illud Augustini passim: tunc Psalmos videri suavissimos, ac divinissima luce perfusos, cum in his caput et membra, Christum et Ecclesiam, sive aperte propalatos, sive latenter designa tos intelligimus Quare iterum atque iterum erigamus animos: atque ubi Davidem atque Solomonem; ubi Davidis hostes, Saülem, Achitophelem, alios; ubi bella et pacem, captivitatem, libertatem, ac cetera ejusmodi audimus; tum animo infigamus Christum, et Ecclesiam laboribus periculisque exercitam, atque inter adversa et prospera peregrinantem; tum sanctorum persecutores, non modo visibiles, sed etiam invisibiles illas atque aëreas potestates, pugnasque in hac vita perpetes, ac secuturam postea pacem sempiternam. BossUET. Dissertat. in Psal. ad fin.

verse of it runs thus: O God, thou knowest my foolishness, and my Ds guiltiness is not hid from thee. The solution of this difficulty given, and continually insisted on, in the writings of the Fathers, is this; that Christ, in the day of his passion, standing charged with the sin and guilt of his people, speaks of such their sin and guilt as if they were his own, appropriating to himself those debts, for which, in, the capacity of a surety, he had made himself responsible. The lamb which, under the Law, was offered for sin, took the name ps, 'guilt,' because the guilt contracted by the offerer was transferred to that innocent creature, and typically expiated by its blood. Was not this exactly the case, in truth and reality, with the Lamb of God? He did no sin, neither was guile found in his mouth; but he bare our sins in his own body on the tree. He was made sin for us, who knew no sin, that we might be made the righteousness of God in him."3 Christ and the church compose one mystical person, of which he is the head, and the church the body; and as the body speaks by the head, and the head for the body, he speaks of her sin, and she of his righteousness; which consideration is at the same time a key to any claims of righteousness made in the Psalms by her, and to any confession of sin made by him. This seems to be a satisfactory account of the matter. Such, at least, ap pears to have been the idea generally adopted and received, in the first ages of the Christian church; a circumstance which, it is presumed, will be deemed a sufficient apology for the author, if, in the explication of such passages, he hath ventured to proceed accordingly. Nay, and even in reciting the Penitential Psalms, when the unhappy sufferer is ready to sink down under that weight of woe which sin hath laid on him, if he will extend hiss thoughts, as he is sometimes directed to do, to that holy and most innocent Person, who felt and sorrowed so much for us all, he will thereby furnish himself with the best argument for patience, and an inex haustible source of comfort. Nor can it, indeed, well be

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