worked in marble, a little above the natural size, by order of Lord Brownlow. The emblem of Catholicism was thus rejected from the Tiber, and found refuge on the banks of the Thames.

'This extraordinary circumstance did not, however, depress the mind of Canova, who, actuated by the deepest religious feelings, had already formed the design of consecrating his fortune and the last efforts of his genius to the commemoration of a period in which the inscrutable decrees of Providence had been so remarkably displayed. That the statue which he had projected for this pious purpose might not be profaned by any less sacred use, he resolved on raising a temple for its reception in his native village, to be enriched with the productions of his chisel; by which means also he would open a perpetual source of prosperity for Possagno, in the concourse of workmen, the visits of strangers, and the expenditure of his entire fortune. The first stone of this. sumptuous edifice was accordingly laid in July, 1819, amidst an immense concourse of people, with all the solemnities of religion, and the deep emotions of the assembly. But the artist had not foreseen, that this design would require an infinitely greater expenditure than that of the colossal statue; to supply which it became necessary for him to renew his labors, and to undertake fresh commissions. Accordingly he set about new statues, groups, and monuments, working incessantly, and with all the ardor of his youthful application; his mind always intent on the great object of his pious wishes. It is not improbable, that this greatly increased exertion, and the mental excitation consequent on it, tended to accelerate the termination of his existence.'

The church, as we learn from one of the preceding extracts, is now nearly completed, and will doubtless be finished by the piety of the friends and patrons of the great sculptor and his art; but what hand is competent to take the place of his in executing the statue which was to have been its principal ornament? It is singular indeed that objections should have been made to the erection of such a monument at Rome. We have no further information whatever respecting their nature, than is given in the above extracts. The model, of which there is an engraving in the work before us, is certainly conceived in the highest style of sublimity; and if executed with the usual felicity of the artist, and on the grand scale which he had intended, would have been perhaps the noblest effort of his chisel and of modern sculpture.

ART. IX.-1. An Introduction to the Study of Grecian and Roman Geography. By GEORGE LONG, Esq. late of the University of Virginia, now of the University of London ; and ROBLEY DUNGLISON, M. D. of the University of Virginia. Charlottesville, Virginia. F. Carr & Co. Svo. pp. 293.

2. Elements of Geography, Ancient and Modern. Atlas. By J. E. WORCESTER. A new Edition. Hilliard, Gray, & Co. 1829. 12mo. pp. 272.

1829.

With an

Boston.

THE general design of the work of Professors Long and Dunglison appears to be much the same as that of Butler, in his Geographia Classica; or the Application of Ancient Geography to the Classics.' But the Roman Geography, furnished by Dr. Dunglison, is left, as it is acknowledged to be by the author, incomplete. It was his wish, as he says, to add the geographical history of the Roman colonies and conquests; but his very restricted opportunities have not permitted him to do so. Professor Long also offers, as an excuse for small errors or omissions, the limited time in which the work was prepared for the press. The public have long since ceased to regard apologies of this kind, offered by living authors, or by others in their behalf; and with good reason; for there is not such a lamentable deficiency, in any department of learning, as to compel a writer to send forth his productions prematurely, or against the decisions of his better judgment. We would not be understood to speak with severity in this particular case. The work is valuable, and the undertaking laudable; but the admissions of the authors show, that it might have possessed more value, and have deserved more praise.

The chapters on Phoenicia, Babylonia, the Scythian tribes, the Persians, Egyptians, and Carthaginians,' as Professor Long informs us in his preface, are founded entirely on the work of Heeren, entitled Ideas on the Polity and Commerce of the principal Nations of Antiquity.'* There is a remarkable oversight here in not including the chapter on Ethiopia, which,

" Ideen ueber die Politik, den Verkehr und den Handel der vornehmsten Voelker der alten Welt. Von A. H. L. Heeren. Göttingen. 1815.' It does not appear that Professor Long made use of the fourth volume published at a later period, and translated by Mr Bancroft, on the Polity of Greece.

Mr Long says, was added by Dr Dunglison. And Dr Dunglison, in a note subjoined to the preface of his colleague, forgot to ascribe the article on Æthiopia to the same source, from which those on Phoenicia, &c. were taken. We presume it was merely an oversight; since from the frequent references to Heeren and to the same ancient authorities which he cites, it cannot be supposed that any concealment was intended.

The chapters just enumerated, constitute nearly one half of the book, and a very valuable part of it. The work of Heeren, from which it is drawn, enjoys a high reputation, and may be regarded as a standard work. If a pure regard to truth,' says Heeren, is the first virtue of a historian, I may hope that the reader will not be disappointed in this respect. In no part of the work was it my purpose to establish any hypothesis, to defend any favorite theory, or to gainsay any adversary. Instead of this, what I have found, I have imparted as I found it; that which is certain, as certain, and that which is probable, as probable. To this end it was necessary to exercise great care in the selection and critical use of the authorities from which my materials were drawn. I made it a fundamental rule to cite as authorities, not merely credible writers, but, as far as possible, those who were contemporaneous with the events; and to use later authors only so far as it could be shown, that their accounts were drawn from the period of which I was speaking. Their proofs were constantly referred to, and their citations subjected anew to a thorough revision. An unnecessary multiplication of them I have carefully avoided; while I consider it the sacred duty of the historian to annex them so far as is necessary; since he has no right to require that the reader should believe him upon his bare word.' This passage, from Heeren's preface, in which we have endeavored to express the author's meaning faithfully and clearly, while it furnishes, with great simplicity, the primary laws which should govern the historian, marks also the value of his own work. No German scholar, of such well-earned reputation, would hazard that reputation among his vigilant and learned peers, by professions which could not be verified by rigid scrutiny. And we have the testimony of a scholar widely read in German literature, the translator of Heeren's Reflections on the Politics of Ancient Greece, and of his Manual of Ancient History, in praise of his prior and larger work, embracing Asia and Africa.

It is on that larger work,' says Mr Bancroft, that the literary reputation of Mr Heeren primarily depends. With respect to the Asiatic and African nations, he has discussed his subject in its full extent, and furnishes a more distinct account of their ancient condition, than has perhaps been given by any other writer. Early in life he was led to consider the history of the world, as influenced by colonial establishments and commerce; and the results of his investigations, in a department of science to which he is enthusiastically attached, and to which he has uninterruptedly devoted the most precious years of a long life, are communicated in the elaborate production which we have named.'

We shall not be thought to have gone out of our proper path, in saying thus much of the source from which so large and valuable a part of the work of Professors Long and Dunglison is taken. Whatever goes to establish the fidelity and worth of the learned German work, is transferred in a degree to that which is founded upon it. And we are free to testify, so far as we have been able to compare the work before us with Heeren's, that great judgment is shown in the selection of the materials, and those only are chosen which bear most directly upon the general purpose which the authors have in view. We fully agree also with Mr Long, in the importance of attending to the political and commercial relations of the Greeks with the people of Asia and Africa, in order to study, to the best advantage, the history of the Greek nation. An outline of these relations is furnished, and the geographical descriptions, which are necessary to make us acquainted with such portions of those countries as were known to the Greeks and Romans. It would have been useful if the work had been accompanied with maps, as good as those of Heeren, if not better. This would not have greatly increased its cost, while it would have added much to its value, for those who have not constant access to ancient maps.

In the Grecian Geography, Mr Long ceases to take Heeren for a guide. Indeed the German author is quite brief and general in that part of his work which presents a geographical view of Greece; while Professor Long extends the subject into much greater length, and treats it with minuteness. Hence the latter is necessarily dry; so much so, that one would not think of reading it through by itself, in course, any more than he would a book of chronological tables, or a catalogue of an extensive library. But with good ancient maps, such as those of D'Anville, one may take the book as

his guide, and by spending a few hours at a time, he will be able, in two or three days, to travel, without weariness, over all parts of Greece, and all the provinces that were colonized or conquered by its inhabitants. In this way it may be read with pleasure and profit, not unlike that which we receive from a book of travels. As a topographical guide, it is accurate as well as minute; and by a brief record of some of the most interesting facts in history, as we pass through the places in which they occurred, we are furnished at once with a guide and a journal, which relieve the tediousness of the way. Here we learn, or call to mind, that such a prince, or warrior, or poet, or philosopher, or historian, was born; and there that such a battle was fought, and that such a hero conquered. Indeed a great variety of local history is thus collected, and associated with places; and it is done too with good judgment, so as to impart much useful instruction.

The Roman Geography, by Professor Dunglison, is conducted according to the same plan as that of Greece, excepting the deficiency which has been already mentioned; and its execution deserves the same kind of praise as that which we have bestowed upon the Grecian Geography. From its topographical minuteness, this book may be regarded, perhaps, as mainly valuable for a book of reference. Accordingly it is furnished with an index for this purpose. But we are sorry to be compelled to say, that the Index is exceedingly defective. We are at a loss to conceive of any sufficient apology for this. It is incomplete in regard to the names of places, and very faulty in the arrangement of them. It should be perfectly alphabetical; but there is no uniform regard to alphabetical arrangement, except in the initial letter. Thus we find in the following order, Firmum, Flusor, Fiesoli, Florentia; and again, Marsicum, Manduriae, Misenum, Marmora. These negligences, and others which might be pointed out, render the book very inconvenient for one of its principal uses, namely, a manual for reference; and they deserve to be held up as a warning to all concerned in similar undertakings, against that hasty production of their learned labors, which is prompted only by personal convenience.

There is another subject sufficiently grave in itself, though it is difficult to treat it with that inflexible gravity which it merits. We mean the liberty which is taken with the names of persons and places in regard to the orthography; which seems to us to