genealogy, so far as I understand it, plain from William, the thirteenth earl. He married the daughter of Hugh Macguire, son of, or identical with, the "Violer" of Ayr. The issue of this marriage was four sons and two daughters. James, the fourteenth earl, died unmarried in 1791. He it was who was celebrated by Burns in the Lament for James, Earl of Glencairn. James was followed by John, the fifteenth earl, who also died unmarried, in 1796, and with him the male line became extinct. I cannot therefore, if I am correct, reconcile this with the statement that "the last earl fled to England with his three daughters," &c. ALFRED CH. JONAS. to the notice of readers of "N. & Q." I am quite convinced from MR. STILWELL's language that he is only seeking for the truth, and therefore I believe he would rather see a legend relegated to limbo, if needs be, than suffer it to remain and hinder his further investigations. For the romantic story of the retirement into the wilds of Devon of a Jacobite Earl of Glencairn, circa 1745, there is and can be no foundation in fact, for the simple reason that no Jacobite Earl of Glencairn is known to history. William, thirteenth earl, succeeded his father in 1734, and that same year was confirmed in the office of Governor of Dumbarton Castle, an important trust which the Crown had reposed in his father and grandfather, the eleventh and twelfth earls. The thirteenth earl died a major-general in the army, in The following may be interesting to J. M. G. : 1775. He was succeeded by his second but eldest Capt. Adolphus Frederic Glubb, R.A., was the surviving son, James, fourteenth earl, and the latter third son of the Rev. John Glubb (rector of Bicton, by his brother John, fifteenth and last Earl of Glen-near Exeter, Devon) and of Dinah, daughter of Nicholas Warren, Esq., of Minscombe, Devon (this cairn, who died s.p.in 1796. Under the circumstances, it is difficult to see how anybody can descend from Mrs. Glubb was a first cousin of Judith Maria, first a "Lady Mary," or "Lady Elizabeth," "daughter" wife of the second Lord Rolle). This A. F. Glubb of the "last Earl of Glencairn." I may add that graduated at Exeter College, Oxford, and took his that no countenance is given in Burke's Landed the Royal Artillery, and fought in the Peninsular B.A. March 12, 1795. He afterwards entered Gentry (1878) to any such description of the Mr. Cunningham whose daughter married a Lux-wars under Lord Hill, then general commanding moore of Coomb Park, Okehampton, probably in chief. Capt. Glubb married early in this about the period indicated. It is there stated, in century Jane, daughter of the Rev. Philip Homan, the pedigree of Luxmoore of Kerslake, that John and sister of Sir William Jackson Homan, Bart., Luxmoore, of Coomb Park, who was "returned of Dunlum, co. Westmeath. They had four to Parliament for the borough of Okehampton children, viz., 1. Major John Warren Glubb, towards the close of the last century," married formerly of the 44th Regiment; 2. Frederic, late "Elizabeth, daughter of William Cunningham, the Cape Mounted Rifles he died at the Cape; of the 34th Regiment, and afterwards appointed to Esq." This is a very simple statement, and it is all that the circumstances can warrant. Whether 3. Mary Anne, dead; 4. Dinah, who died in the idea of "Glenvarlochides" was really taken 1871. I cannot say which of his sons was in the Waterford Militia. F. M. from any Earl of Glencairn I have at present no means of determining, but it is entirely beside the question to which alone I have addressed myself. I may add that the facts which I have narrated are drawn from very obvious sources. They will be found more fully set out in Wood's Douglas, and in Burke's Extinct and Dormant Peerage. The succession to the earldom is still an open question; the heir general, Sir Adam Fergusson of Kilkerran, who claimed in 1796, having been adjudged, however, "not to have made out the right of such heir general," it would seem pratically open only to the heir male, whoever he may be decided to be. It may be of service to MR. STILWELL if I mention that no "" " Grace ever appears, so far as I have been able to see, in the printed pedigrees of the house of Glencairn. William, twelfth earl, was living in 1712, but no sisters of his are recorded either by Douglas or Burke. C. H. E. CARMICHAEL. New University Club, S.W. I imagine there is some error regarding the particulars given under the above head as to the last Earl of Glencairn. I will endeavour to make the THE DEFINITION OF A GENTLEMAN (5th S. xii. 304, 338).-I have often wondered that the once celebrated case, tried at York, as to whether Mr. Rountree was or was not a gentleman never found its way into your pages. I have heard the story in my youth, and I have also met with it somewhere as a newspaper cutting. My grandfather knew old Rountree personally. He was a thoroughly worthy Yorkshire yeoman, respectable enough, but not at all what one means when one speaks of a person as a gentleman. At one of the great Yorkshire meetings a hunter's stake was to be ridden for by gentlemen. One of these was prevented from riding, and, as Rountree was a capital horseman, although above seventy years of age, he undertook to ride the horse, and won the race. Much to their disgrace, the real gentlemen, who had not objected to the old man's riding with them, now pretended that the winner was disqualified, because the rider was not a gentleman. The case went to the assizes, and Rountree's defence was committed to Pepper Arden (afterwards Master of the Rolls and first Lord Alvanley), and of course excited immense interest. Gentlemen travelled more on horseback and less in carriages than they do now. Moreover, they dined early, and took a great deal of wine. Arden did not let this pass, and in his address professed to have had no fear whatever as to proving that so honourable, respectable, estimable, and this-thatand-the-other individual as Mr. Rountree was would be considered in any society as meriting the title of a gentleman, but now that he saw the real gentlemen before him, who disputed Mr. Rountree's rights, he must confess some fear as to the result. Mr. Rountree was quiet, sober, and modest in his demeanour, and respectful to the court, whereas the real gentlemen were noisy, insolent, and disrespectful. Mr. Rountree was studiously clean in his dress and courteous in his manner; whereas real gentlemen came into court with dirty boots and splashed breeches, flushed faces and disordered dress, and so on, drawing the contrast so cleverly and peppering the gentlemen so effectually that the jury, to the delight of all Yorkshire, found that Mr. Rountree was a gentleman; and that Rountree was a gentleman was a standing joke as long as Rountree lived. You see I tell the story badly, for I cannot give the date nor the name of plaintiffs and defendants. It must have been before Arden was Master of the Rolls, in Lord Thurlow's time, and I hope some other correspondent will supply my deficiences. Of course Arden had other arguments in his quiver if needful-as, for instance, that a yeoman not entitled to be called esquire was, by the precedence tables published by the College of Arms, designated a gentleman, &c. P. P. Allow me to bring before you Mr. Ruskin's interpretation of the term "gentleman" :— "Its primal, literal, and perpetual meaning is 'a man of pure race,' well-bred, in the sense that a horse or dog is well-bred......The lower orders and all orders have to learn that every vicious habit and chronic disease communicates itself by descent, and that by purity of birth the entire system of the human body and soul may be gradually elevated or, by recklessness of birth, degraded, until there shall be as much difference between the wellbred and ill-bred human creature (whatever pains be taken with their education) as between a wolf-hound and the vilest mongrel cur......A gentleman's first characteristic is that fineness of structure in the body which renders it capable of the most delicate sensation, and of structure in the mind which renders it capable of the most delicate sympathies-one may say, simply, 'fineness of nature.'......And though rightness of moral conduct is ultimately the great purifier of race, the sign of nobleness is not in this rightness of moral conduct, but in sensitiveness......Hence it will follow that one of the probable signs of high breeding in men generally will be their kindness and mercifulness, these always indicating more or less fineness of make in the mind, and miserliness and cruelty the contrary; hence that of Isaiah: The vile person shall no more be called liberal nor the churl bountiful.' But a thousand things may prevent this kindness from displaying or continuing itself; the mind of the man may be warped so as to bear mainly on his own interests, and then all his sensibilities will take the form of pride, or fastidiousness, or revengefulness, and further, they may run into utter sensuality and covetousother wicked, but not ungentlemanly, tempera; or, ness, if he is bent on pleasure, accompanied with quite infinite cruelty when the pride is wounded or the passions thwarted, until your gentleman becomes Ezzelin, and your lady the deadly Lucrece, yet still gentleman and lady, quite incapable of making anything else of themselves, being so born."-Modern Painters, v. pt. ix. ch. vii. " It is certain that the idea which first presents itself to those who hear the term "gentleman" is the idea of race, and the vast importance of hereditary instincts is sufficiently insisted upon by physiological and psychological writers. The line of con"well-bred duct most likely to be pursued by a man, whose natural fineness of make has been developed by moral education, will doubtless be noble and lofty; but such conduct can scarcely be exhibited by a man whose ancestors (in whatever station of life) had left him no generous instincts M. Q. as their legacy. The oft-quoted lines of Decker bear a strong resemblance to the much earlier ones of Chaucer: "Lok who that is most vertuous alway, Prive and pert, and most entendeth ay Chaucer's Prologue to Wife of Bat (Bell, vol. ii. p. 82). "Kind nature is the best: those manners next That fit us like a nature second-hand; Which are indeed the manners of the great." Tennyson's Walking to the Mail. "It falleth for a gentleman Poems attributed to Chaucer (Bell, "Tis meet a gentle heart should ever show Harrington's Orlando Furioso (1634), "There is no earthly thing more mean and despicable in my mind than an English gentleman destitute of all sense of his responsibilities and opportunities, and only revelling in the luxuries of our high civilization, and thinking himself a great person."-Life of Dr. Arnold, p. 521. Boston. R. R. Aristophanes, in the Frogs (Baтpaɣot, the descent of Bacchus into hell), represents Bacchus assuming the part of Hercules. Bacchus is accompanied by his slave Xanthias. The slave has all the work to do. Bacchus is a coward, the slave is brave, and whenever there is any danger the slave takes the character of Hercules, the former resuming it whenever the peril is passed. At last the slave says he shall remain Hercules, whilst his master may keep to the slave; and this in the presence of Eacus, subordinate judge in hell, who comes to seize Hercules for the theft of the dog Cerberus. The slave says, you may put us to the torture, and see who is Hercules and who is the slave; and this is done in allusion to slaves having to undergo torture to discover the truth of what has happened. acus accordingly applies blows to both of them, without being able the more to distinguish between the two, when he says he shall remand the case to Plutus and the gods, who know all things. They acknowledge Bacchus is a god and immortal, and he is received as such into the company of the gods; upon which (I take from Bohn's translation) Eacus says to Xanthias, "By Jupiter the Preserver, your master is a gentleman, Xanthias, most assuredly a gentleman, inasmuch as he knows only” πινειν και βινειν (751-2). The Greek for gentlemen is yevvádas which would mean noble by descent. W. J. BIRCH. The following lines by Alfred Tennyson may prove illustrative : "Bear without abuse The grand old name of gentleman; THE ETYMOLOGY OF "" RICKETS" (6th S. i. 209, 318). Some few years ago I made a few notes on the use of this name, which may be of some interest to PROF. SKEAT, as seeming to show that the real derivation of the word is probably now untraceable. The treatise written by Glisson in conjunction with others, and published in 1650, was not the earliest in time of publication, which was five years after the date of its composition, the book having been written (as we learn from the preface) in 1645. For, contemporaneously with its composition, the disease had been the subject (on Oct. 18, 1645) of an academical thesis, for the degree of M.D. at Leyden, by Daniel Whistler (afterwards incorporated at Oxford), who makes the following interesting observations on the derivation of the name, and, as a baptismal sponsor for the infant disease, proposes, and actually employs throughout his tract, a hideous substitute: "Viginti sex plus minus retro annis apud nos primum innotuisse perhibetur, nomenque sibi, The Rickets, a cognomine cujusdam id morbi empirice primo curantis adoptasse dicitur. Alii ex rure volunt delicatulum hoc nomen oriundum, ex agro scilicet Dorcestrensi, ubi qui difficulter anhelitum trahunt (quod hoc morbo laborantibus frequens est) dicuntur loci idiomate To Rucket. Verum de nomine amplius non litigo; fas sit solum in Britannia nato vocabulo Latina civitatis jus donare, audiatque inpræsentiarum infans infantium morbus, me susceptore, Padosplanchnosteocaces nomenclatura." One R. H., in Paradoxicall Assertions, Lond., 1659, carries back the first notice of the disease somewhat earlier. He says that it has been "known amongst us but lately within these eighty yeers." It appears in the London bills of mortality under the name of "rickets" as early as May, 1636 (which is the earliest date to which I can refer), and probably, therefore, from the time of the commencement of the bills. In one week of that month one death is entered, and in each of two others three. Thenceforward it is of frequent occurrence. Glisson expresses surprise that, while the disease was of such recent date and so recently named "the rickets," no one could be found who knew the author of the name, or the patient to whose case it was first applied, or the locality, or the way in which the name came into common use. And he then goes on to suggest that the term rachitis or rachites would well describe such a spinal disease, would be easy of adoption (unlike poor Whistler's), and would at the same time seem Anglicum nomen a barbarie liberare." And he thinks it not improbable that the name of "the rickets" may have been at first only the provincial corruption of such a name, which may have been proposed by some scholar. W. D. MACRAY. Ducklington Rectory, Witney. KEBLE'S "CHRISTIAN YEAR" (3rd S. ix. 412).— "Like a bright veering cloud, Grey blossoms twinkle there." Third Sunday after Easter. Musings on the Christian Year, says: In alluding to this simile Miss Yonge, in her "We have seen a perfect grey cloud of silver willow-buds in violets, and not willow-buds? Although in the a copse, but these appear to be violets." Why preceding verse Keble speaks of roving along a violet bank, yet surely the comparison is between which he saw twinkling in the hazel grove beside a bright veering cloud" and the "grey blossoms," which he was sitting. In fact the locus in quo and the scene which gave rise to the simile, appear to me to be well described in the following lines from one of his miscellaneous poems, entitled Fragment: "There sate one lonely on a green hill side It appears from a foot-note to this poem that the spot referred to was a very favourite one of the author. It is the upper part of a field on Ladwell Hill, in the parish of Hursley, just under the Godolphin Road, Shepherd's Bush, W. REINDEER (6th S. i. 194).—I am glad to find I can now solve my own query, and might have done so sooner had I examined Ihre's Lapp Dictionary with more attention. I have now no doubt that my supposition, that reindeer is connected with the Lapp word reino, signifying pasture," is the right one; and that rein-deer means a pastured or domesticated animal, the word being a hybrid compound, half Lapp and half Scandinavian, formed by Scandinavians who did not clearly understand the Lapp word, but heard it frequently enough to gather something of its sense. Note that the Swedes use ren alone, as well as the compound rendyr. The true Lapp word for reindeer is paotso, writing ao for a with o above. Now this word is continually associated with words contain ing the base reino in the manner following Reinon läh mija paotsoh" is a Lapp sentence, meaning "our herdsmen are taking care of the reindeer." The equivalent Swedish phrase is "Vaora renar äro i herdarnes skötsel," our reindeer are in the charge of the herdsmen. Again, reinohem piädnak is a dog kept for the purpose of collecting reindeer together, called in Swedish vallhund, herd-hound; and reinoheje is a herdsman. Again, reinohet, to pasture, is thus used: "Paotsoit warin reinohet," to feed reindeer on the fells. The verb reinohattet, frequentative of reinohet, is thus used: Reinohatte swainasebt paotsoitat," take care that your servant feeds the reindeer; in Swedish, "Laot din dräng valla dina renar," let your servant pasture the reindeer. I regard this puzzle as solved. See Ihre's Lapp Dict., p. 374. WALTER W. SKEAT. : in Scythia, " once every year are transformed into wolves and then resume their former shape" (lib. iv. c. 105). The learned Pomponius Mela, De Situ Orbis, lib. li. c. 1, confirms what is said by Herodotus, whilst the erudite Vossius corrects the statement so far as to assure his readers that all the Neuri are not changed into wolves at the same time of the year (Hague edition of Pomp. Mela, 4to. 1658, p. 113). The account given by Giraldus Cambeing changed into wolves, differs in one material brensis (Opera Omnia, vol. v. p. 119) of Irish persons point from that of the wolf-men as described by Nennius. The transformation is entirely voluntary, according to the Irish version of Nennius. "There are," it is said in MS. D., p. 204, “certain people in pass into the forms of wolves whenever they please Eri, viz., the race of Laighne Faelaidh in Ossory; they and kill cattle according to the custom of wolves." According to Giraldus Cambrensis the metamorphosis was a punishment inflicted for sin: it cated. Such an assertion is confirmed by the Abbé was the consequence of a person being excommuniManet in his Histoire de la Petite Bretagne, vol. i. his natural form and metamorphosed into a brute p. 213. The Loup-garou is " a man despoiled of in consequence of his having been excommunicated (pour avoir été excommunie), and whose only mode of deliverance is being cut with a knife in the Irish man-wolf resembles that of the Loup-garou centre of the forehead." The condition of the ancient "versipelles" described by Pliny in his of France, the wehr-wolf of the Germans, and the Natural History, lib. viii. c. 31, who had to pass through a purgatory of nine years as wolves before form; their fate being that of the celebrated pugithey could be restored to their original human list and conqueror at the Olympic games who, for an act of impiety in a sacrifice to Jupiter, was changed into a wolf and at the end of ten years restored to his form as a man (Pausanias, lib. vi. p. 358, Hanover folio, 1613). The Neuri of Herodotus and the Laighne Faelaidh of the Irish appear to be the only human beings who voluntarily changed themselves into wolves pour s'amuser. In other cases the degradation was the consequence of immorality. The most illustrious example is that of Lycaon, from whose name is derived the designation of "Lycanthropy," a species of mental disease occupying no small space in medical treatises of a later time. IRISHMEN TURNED TO WOLVES (6th S. i. 176). -In Ireland the belief was long entertained that Giraldus Cambrensis was the first to propagate the notion that Irishmen "could be changed into wolves." He was credited with the calumny as a pure invention of his own. The statement, however, is to be found in the Irish version of Nennius, and is thus translated by the Rev. Dr. Todd (Irish The "Lycanthropists" or 'man-wolves" may be Archaeological publications, Dublin, 1840, 8vo.) divided into three classes. First,―Men who covered "The descendants of the Wolf are in Ossory. They themselves with the skins of wolves and, so dishave a wonderful property. They transform them-guised, committed crimes and outrages of all kinds, selves into wolves and go forth in the form of wolves" (The Wonders of Eri, § xiv. p. 204). This faculty of a voluntary change from a man into a wolf, which was supposed to be possessed by the Irish, was attributed by Herodotus to the Neuri, who, he affirms, on the authority of Greek dwellers and, for so doing, were denounced by the ecclesiastical authorities. They are accurately described, although not distinctly named, when they appeared as "mummers" in Christmas festivals, and as "masqueraders" in the tumultuous riot of a Charivari (see "N. & Q." 4th S. vi. 492, 493), Thiers, Traité des Superstitions, vol. iv. liv. ix. c. 5, " most beautiful songs [" There's nae luck aboot the MR. WALFORD (ante, p. 103) thinks a Stuart Edinburgh. and that Scotch stands for Scot-ish, the adjective, The explanation that Scots is the plural of Scot, То "SCOTS" AND "SCOTCH" (6th S. i. 154).DR. BREWER is mistaken in thinking that "Mary Queen of Scots" does not mean "Mary Queen of is simple and obvious, and, it may be added, anything but new. But why does DR. BREWER go the Scotch," and that "Scots" must mean Scotland." "Scots" here is simply "Scottorum" trans-affix of abstract nouns, sometimes given th, someon to say that "the h in Scot(c)h is the ordinary lated. Just as Napoleon was Emperor of the times 'h, and sometimes t"? This is altogether French, so the ruler of Scotland always officially styled himself "Rex Scottorum or "Scotorum," new, and an invention that can help no one. as acts, charters, and coinage inscriptions innu- call Scotch an abstract noun, like length, is very merable show. To give just one instance. extraordinary. How is it possible to compose a James V., in an Aberdeen charter of Feb. 7, I am curious to see such a sentence. sentence in which this use of the word will appear? That th 1527, styles himself "Jacobus Dei gratia Rex Scottorum," while in another, of September, 1529, certainly it does not do so in Scotch, which ends ever appears as 'h is contrary to all experience; he appears in the vernacular as James be the in ch, not in h. When such singular views are grace of God, King of Scottis." started, it is as well for the writer to remember that they may serve to amuse instead of convincing. A reasonable account of the suffix -th, cognate with Latin -tas, is given in Haldeman's Affixes, published at Philadelphia in 1865. Drummond of Hawthornden (Hist. of Scot., London, edit. 1681, p. 4), actually inserts"the": "They [the English] had learned that the keeping of the king of the Scots hindered in no ways the Scots from assisting the French." Fordun and other chroniclers, no doubt, occasionally say "Rex Scocia," but far more frequently "Scottorum Rex." The only instance I can point out of "king of Scotland" being used in an official document before the Union of the Crowns is in a charter of David II., Feb. 21, 1343, beginning "David Dei gra' Rex Scottor," confirming certain privileges granted to Aberdeen by "p'decessores n'ros Reges Scocie." Edward I. often calls himself "R. et Sup'ior d'ns Regni Scotie," but that, of course, goes for nothing, while David's phrase is rather descriptive than titular. MR. BATES is quite right about "Scotch." In old works the adjective is always written "Scottis" or Scots." "Scottis crounis" (Treasurer's Accounts); "Scottis mone "(Wynton); "all trew Scottis mennis" (Kennedy); "Gif ony Scottis men bringis in the realme ony Inglismen" (Scots Act of 1455), are a few examples of the old adjective yielded by a minute or two's haphazard search; while "And such the fruit of Scots and English wars" (Home's Douglas), and "This is one of the CELER. I think Burns did not agree with DR. BREWER, e.g. :— "Scots wha hae wi' Wallace bled, I. H. B. AN OLD CHARM (6th S. i. 54).-It was not confined to "the false Fryers in tymes past" who "were woont to charme the money out of the playne folkes purses." The belief in charms still lingers amongst us, although I think it is rapidly wearing away. Certain people used to be esteemed "wise folk" in this neighbourhood. I remember very well an old Mr. K. He lived in Pelton, co. Durham, and we used to see him regularly at church every Sunday when I was a little child. He was a very respectable man, of the farmer class, and used to be called in by many of his neighbours to "charm" their complaints. I fancy he was not a man knowingly to cheat the people—indeed, I do not know that he took money for it but I imagine he believed he inherited some form of words or mysterious virtue that had a beneficial |