that the Puercas will not be brought in one with the Lantern of St. Sebastian (this last object always remaining on the West side of the other), before Puerto Real be brought in a line with Medina; for if you bring these last places in one, you may then be on the Diamond.

In standing on the larboard tack, before you clear the Cochinos, you must take care not to go so far as to bring the two towers of the Carmelite church in one, nor to be North and South with the lantern of St. Sebastian ; but as soon as you begin to shut up the opening between these towers you must put about on the other tack; observing at the same time, that the tower of the church of Puerto Real be on the break in the land, on the North side of Medina. On the next board you will run in between the Puercas and the Diamond, taking care not to bring, on any tack, Medina open with Puerto Real, until the steeple of St. Francis in the town of St. Mary del Puerto, appears on the East side of St. Catharine's Castle, when you may continue the course Northwards to the neighbourhood of that castle, as you will have gained to windward of the Diamond. On standing afterwards to the Southward, you must not separate Puerto Real from Medina, until the steeple of St. Domingo comes to be open with the point of St. Philip in Cadiz, when you will have weathered the shoal called the Friar, and may stand on until the steeple of Puerto Real appears a little to the Northward of Medina, when you will be on the inside of all the shoals and may come to an anchor wherever you choose, in from 4 to 6 fathoms, mud, according to the draught of the vessel.

In taking the bay and harbour of Cadiz with a leading wind, as soon as you have got into the fair way, and brought the towns of Puerto Real and Medina in a line, you should keep on in that direction, until you discover the mole of the Seville gate of Cadiz, by the point of St. Philip, where you may come to anchor: but if you had to run up as far as Puntales, beyond the town of Cadiz, you must steer right on the castle of Matagorda, until you observe the tower of Hercules, called also Torregorda, on the East side of the castle or fort of Puntales: there you must lay the ship's head on Torregorda, until you come between the two Cabezuelas (banks on each side of the harbour); and bringing the Southernmost part of the Fort of Matagorda, on the Northernmost part of Fort Lewis, you will stand away for

the tower on the Island of Leon, in the bottom of the harbour (called also Torre alta, the high tower), or between it and the adjoining Carmelite Convent; in which direction you may come to anchor, where you think proper.

Vessels with a fair wind and good weather may likewise run in between the Town of Cadiz and the shoals Cochinos, Puercas, Freidera, and the Friar; for beginning at the rock de la Cruz, formerly mentioned as lying before the Bastion of Bonete, there is a narrow channel with from 15 to 24 feet depth, which will admit vessels drawing not more than 11 feet, and even such as draw 18 feet, when it is high water:-the directions for using this channel are the following, viz.: in running along the ledge of rocks, extending from the Fort of St. Catharine on the N. W. side of the Town of Cadiz, and at 1 cable's length from these rocks, in from 27 to 36 feet of water, you will stand on to within a musket shot of the rock of La Gruz, having the tower of the King's Hospital in one with the Tower of Ricaño: at this spot you will steer on the Castle of St. Catharine del Puerto, keeping it open on the starboard how, until you come abreast of the Bastion of Candelaria, where you will stand one point more Northerly, in order to give a berth to the shoal of the Friar; and you will know yourself to be safe, when the rock de la Cruz comes to be about a boat's length to the Southward of the Lantern of St. Sebastian :—standing on in this manner you will know when you are in the fair way of the entrance of the harbour, by bringing the Tower of St. Domingo on the corner of the high wall of St. Philip. After all, this passage ought only to be attempted by those who are familiar with the spot, or in a case of absolute necessity.

Vessels may also enter the hay between the Shoal of Galera, and the North shore; in doing which, with those of a great draught of water, you must keep well under the land, at the sandy cliff or Arenal (N. W. from the Castle of St. Catherine del Puerto), at the distance of mile or less, before that castle comes upon the hill of Xeres, and run along the shore at that distance (in doing which you will bring Puerto Real upon the hill of Barrueco), until the same castle comes on the West side of the steeple of St. Francis del Puerto, when you will be on the inside of all the shoals, and may stand for Cadiz, and anchor where most convenient.

In going out of the harbour and bay of Cadiz, whether with a fair or contrary wind, the several marks here pointed out, must be carefully attended to.

From the ditch of the fortifications at the Land-port of Cadiz, runs to the S. E. a rocky shoal called the Corral, to the extent, along shore, of 800 Spanish or 732 English fathoms: its breadth out from the shore to the N. E. is 200 Spanish, or 183 English fathoms ; and the depth of water along its outer edge, beginning at the fortifications, is 4, 6, 9, and 10, feet: these last depths are taken at the outermost part, next to the channel of the harbour; and thence turning Southerly, still along the edge of the shoal, the depths are 7, 8, and 9 feet, as far as the S. E. point, and its neighbourhood, the bottom rock, with some patches of mud.

Continuing from this shoal of Corral, towards the Fort of Puntales, you come to another, called St. Domingo, on which the least depth is 8 feet, at a spot in the intersection of the following bearings, viz. the door and the window of the greater watering-place, in a line with the highest palm tree of those in its neighbourhood; and the mill of Santibañez, on the most Easterly part of the Puntal, bearing S. 17° 30′ F.-the bottom is sand and shells. From this point N. E. 42 fathoms, you find 20 feet, which may be considered as the margin of the channel of the harbour, which measured from this spot across in the same direction (N. E.) is in breadth 280 Spanish, or 256 English fathoms; that is to say, as far as to the depth of 25 feet, on the opposite margin of the channel: and from this last spot, to where it falls dry at low water, on the bank called the Cabezuela, the distance is 200 Spanish or 183 English yards.

In coming to anchor in this channel you must have regard to the N. E. wind, so that in riding to it, you may not cover the tower of Hercules, otherwise called Torregorda, with the Fort of Puntales; for when. these two objects are in one, your stern will be upon the Shoal of St. Domingo.

On the West side of Fort Lewis, and close by it, is the Channel or Caño, of the Trocadero, where is a dock for unrigging, cleaning, and repairing merchant ships and frigates of the Royal Navy. This caño or channel is

only 34 yards broad, measured from the depth of 5 feet on one side, to the

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same depth on the other; wherefore it is necessary in going in or out, to wait for full tide; as at the mouth the depth at low water is only 7 feet, increasing inwards to 9, 10, and 12 feet.

The narrow part of the channel leading up to the Caracca, begins when the beacon (which is a ship's mast set up on the point of La Clica) comes to be in a line with what is called the high tower of the island of Leon. This channel is in breadth 50 fathoms, between the depth of 18 feet on the Southern edge, and that of 16 feet on the Northern.

The Channel of Puente de Suazo (Bridge of Suazo, which joins the island of Leon to the main-land) sounded upwards, towards Caracca, contains 16, 17, 18, 19, and 24 feet of water; this last depth is found when East and West with the Artillery Park in the Arsenal of Caracca.

On the days of full and change, it is high water at 2 P. M. and the tide flows 10 feet; but on the day after each of these aspects of the moon, the rise is 11 feet;-at neap tides it flows only 6 feet.

In the space contained between the edge of the shoal called the Friar, and that of the Cochonos, the ebb tide runs strong towards the channels between the shoals; and when the tide is making the water in the neighbourhood of that shoal sets towards it ;-this must be attended to in tacking, in these parts.

Should either a heavy East or S. E. wind, or the approach of night, or the ebb tide, prevent you from entering the bay, you may come to anchor very commodiously on the outside of the shoals in 10 or 11 fathoms mud; and in doing this in winter time, you must take care to have the lantern of St. Sebastian to the S. E., half a point more or less, and that the castle of St. Catharine del Puerto, be in a line with the hill of Xeres; you will then be in the best position, should the wind come away fresh from the S. W. as it generally does in such circumstances, to run into the bay, as you are there on the windward side of the fair way of the entrance.

In summer you may come to, more to the N. E. as there will be no danger of sudden gales, besides that you will have the advantage of being a little to windward on the following morning; for in general the wind, in that time of the year draws away from the land, in the morning, and so assists in entering the bay; where you must moor with proper regard to

the turn of the tides, having the best anchor out to the East or S. E., which are the strongest winds there.

Description of the COAST between the FORT and LANTERN of ST. SEBASTIAN at CADIZ, and CAPE TRAFALGAR, on the NORTH Side of the Entrance of the STRAIT of GIBRALTAR.

The Fort or Castle of St. Sebastian, already said to be situated at the most Westerly point of Cadiz, lies in N. Lat. 36° 31′ 07′′, and in Longitude W. from the Royal Marine Observatory, o° 1' 22" it is placed on a reef of rocks, and within the fort is erected a round tower, supporting a large Lantern and light, which may be observed at the distance of 3 or 3 leagues out at sea, when there is no moon-light; by which and the soundings in the offing, you may discover your situation.

From the point of St. Sebastian, runs out a reef of rocks W. S. W. nearly mile, on which there is too little depth for large vessels, which ought therefore never to come within that distance of the point; but small vessels may pass within two cables of it. From this, in the direction towards the mouth of what is called the river of Sancti Petri (that is the South end of the channel, separating the island of Leon from the main) runs another rocky reef, on the greatest part of which is sufficient depth of water for any vessel; but in some places the rock rises so high that the sea breaks on it, during a swell; on which account it is by no means advisable to approach this part of the coast, so far as to bring the Lantern of St. Sebastian on the Town of Rota; on the contrary these two objects ought always to be kept wide asunder, or the Lantern should come only to bear N. by W. W. corrected for variation; and when you are at the distance of league from St. Sebastian, you must bring the Lantern to bear North from you in order to be clear of breakers, lying S. 29° 35′ E. a short mile from the Lantern.

"Another rocky shoal appears on Tofiños Charts, although not noticed in his directions. R. Pulman, when Master of H. M. ship Atlas, at Cadiz, found on it only 13 feet water; it lies South 24 miles from the Tower of St Sebastian; and the East part of the hill of Xeres (before mentioned as a mark