cial Problem," brings into the camp of the sociologists his criticism against economics, — or, rather, against the claim of political economy to furnish society with principles for guidance in conduct. He writes with a serious purpose and with remarkable power. At times he seems to be carrying us bodily over to Socialism, for he regards it as necessary to social progress that all monopolistic enterprises be taken over by city, commonwealth, or nation. But he stops short of Marxism, and proves that there will still remain large room for private capital and individual enterprise in the occupations which have an artistic element and cannot be served

by machinery on a large scale. With increasing taste and wealth there will be an enlarged demand for articles made to order, and on these monopoly cannot lay its hands. The abuses of parasitic wealth are described in terms which remind us of Veblen's "Theory of the Leisure Classes," while the misery of penury is painted in vivid contrast with luxury paid for from unearned income. The paradox of the "glut" is traced to this cause. Millions are ready to work and buy at the moment when the "captains of industry" confess their inability to keep factories open on account of "overproduction." The purchasing power is in the hands of those who already have excessive wealth, and the others cannot furnish custom for the merchants. The remedy proposed by Mr. Hobson is to turn the unearned income into the public treasury by socializing monopolistic industries. When wealth is diffused there will be no lack of purchasers and consumers. Yet there is real danger of overpopulation. Mr. Hobson admits the current teaching, and faces the consequences as Plato did. He frankly says that if people are paid "according to their needs" they may multiply more rapidly than their Iwants can be met. Legal restrictions on marriage will become necessary. Our school-teachers will find a theme for a quarrel in the author's reactionary statement that government schools cannot lead in the most inventive and original methods. Free schools can render a good service by giving the elements of instruction in a mechanical way, but cannot equal private schools in trying useful experiments in method. It is useless to attempt in brief space a criticism of this thought-provoking and stimulating book. It will arouse opposition, but it will give the most hostile readers food for reflection. If people were as quickly moved by reason as by immediate interests, or even if the business world read books at all, this volume would win a place in the libraries of men of affairs.

Passing to the thick volume on Temperance Reform, by Mr. Rountree and Mr. Sherwell, we discover the influence of the idea that a rational rule of conduct can be discovered only by an induction of all the factors which bear on the subject, causative and regulative. We confront the appalling results of the use of intoxicants upon health, economic well-being, education, and political integrity. Then the various methods of reducing the evils are

carefully and fully presented, prohibitory legislation, local option, high license, government spirit monopoly, the dispensary system, the Gothenburg method, and finally an estimate of the relative place and value of all these methods. While some sources of information in relation to this country seem to have been overlooked, the work will be found a convenient manual, sane, conservative, and persuasive.

"Josiah Flynt" has succeeded in making urban police authorities very angry with him, and his descriptions of the alliance of the Upper and Under Worlds, as given in his "Notes of an Itinerant Policeman" and "The Powers that Prey," are not pleasant reading to those who value serenity of mind above public security and purity. While there is a tendency to strong and vivid statement, the stories of this expert tramp are too minute and circumstantial to ignore. Occasional revelations of investigating committees, reporters, and grand juries tend to confirm the impression that there is very much truth in the charge that many of those who are paid by a heavily-taxed society to protect it are in the habit of adding to their income by levying assessments on criminals. Those citizens who indulge the fancy that all goes well without zealous and vigilant effort may be startled from their moral somnolence by these vigorous and picturesque sketches.

vance.

Two local studies of the Jewish population of London, by Mr. C. Russell and Mr. H. S. Lewis, are of interest in several American cities, because the immigration of Jews from Russia has aggravated our municipal difficulties, at least temporarily, to a very serious degree. It is not easy for people of different race and religious education to coöperate economically and politically until the process of spiritual assimilation has made considerable adMr. Russell does not agree with Mr. Lewis in all his conclusions, and it must for some time remain an open question whether the Jewish population can ever learn to draw near to the religious life of other peoples. But it seems to be clear that in a tolerant community they can thrive without disturbing the economic progress of the earlier occupants of the territory, since the Jews are eager to rise in pecuniary power and social consideration, and they will not passively accept a low standard of life if by any means they can improve their lot.

Count Tolstoy pours out a wide if somewhat thin stream of pathetic description and emotional appeal on behalf of some vague scheme of reversion to agricultural life, in his book entitled "The Slavery of Our Times." A student of social reform cannot help sympathizing with the Russian's moral earnestness and boundless pity for those who suffer. But the gross misrepresentation of classic economics, the reactionary ideals, the utterly visionary programme, become very wearisome after one has read several volumes of these harangues. If the public could only take the good Count as an artist, and ignore him as an economist, he might do good;

but his fascination as a story-teller confuses the intellect and puts the critical faculty off its guard. The only antidote for illogical and untrue representations by economists is a careful study of their strongest works. But it is a good deal easier to read tirades and gloomy word-pictures than to follow scientific processes, and so we must expect to learn that "The Slavery of Our Times" will be placed on the shelf with Adam Smith and Francis Walker in many libraries, and be read while the masters of the science are honored by title. But facts and science will, after all, have their way, and fiction will take its proper place as a stimulant. Meantime, the plea for universal peace deserves a hearing on its own account, and no hater of hateful war can wish Count Tolstoy to be silent on that subject, even if his artistic temperament prevents him from being exact on any subject.

The author of "Commerce and Christianity" assumes that Socialism has made out its case: that the sole business of the Church is to provide a pulpit for its doctrines and a ritual for its praise: and that the future existence of all ecclesiastical organizations depends on their becoming teachers of economics of this particular type. What would remain for religious institutions to do if Socialism were adopted this year, the author seems not to have considered.

A very attractive and appetizing programme is suggested by the title "Our Nation's Need; or, Let us all Divide Up and Start Even." Those who desire to read what a very amiable person has to say on Communism may thank us for calling attention by this brief note to the little volume.

In "Restraint of Trade" Mr. Harper has collected and arranged in convenient form a great many opinions on the subject of trusts. Critical treatment is not to be expected in a compilation, and there is here no attempt at an organic connection of the material; yet in spite of this fact the book will be found for some purposes quite convenient for reference.

The modern tendency to make the church as useful as possible in ministering to human needs is illustrated by the brief monograph prepared for the Department of Social Economy at the Paris Exposition of 1890. While it is by no means exhaustive in its treatment of "Religious Movements for Social Betterment," the illustrations selected are taken from some of the most important efforts of the kind, and their significance in the history of Christian civilization is intelligently interpreted.

CHARLES R. HENDERSON.

THE fourth International Publishers' Congress has been in session at Leipsic during the past week. The only American representative in attendance was Mr. George Haven Putnam. Among the English delegates were Mr. John Murray, Frederick Macmillan, Fisher Unwin, and William Heinemann. A number of important papers were read and discussed.

The Reformer of German Switzerland.

BRIEFS ON NEW Books.

In the "Heroes of the Reformation" series (Putnam) we now have a new life, by Dr. Samuel M. Jackson, of Huldreich Zwingli, the Reformer of German Switzerland. If the author had "tried to be impartial" with somewhat less zeal, it might have been better for his work. We may fairly question whether one who writes the biography of a "Hero of the Reformation" should pride himself on having "avoided eulogy." It is a book of so much information and such rich pictorial equipment that one regrets the pervading consciousness that care was being taken by Professor Jackson not to forget that Zwingli must be kept in a rank below Luther. And this care is the less warranted in view of the admission in the Preface: "If the four great continental reformers Luther, Melanchthon, Zwingli, and Calvin - should appear to-day, the one among them who would have to do least to adapt himself to our modern ways of thought, and the man who would soonest gather an enthusiastic following, would be Huldreich Zwingli." Which seems very like an admission that Zwingli was the most liberal and progressive of the four, as he probably was. He had faults enough. But is it sufficient reason for denying him an equality with Luther, that "in his treatment of the Baptists he was prejudiced and cruel, his literary work is marred by haste, his jealousy of Luther was a mark of weakness, and in the latter part of his life he was more of a politician than he should have been "? Could not similar and more severe things be said of Luther and Calvin? It has happened that Luther and Calvin became the founders of greater organizations, and are better known to the world than Zwingli. circumstances, notably political and linguistic conditions, did much for the success of Luther's mission. After reading the excellent résumé of Zwingli's theology in Professor Foster's supplementary chapter, the reader is inclined to regret that Zwingli's views were not the ones to make the deepest impression on Europe. Zwingli was, all in all, a more admirable person, a man more after our modern hearts, than Luther. But the straining out of the historical background in a preliminary chapter, and of Zwingli's theology in a supplementary chapter, together with the anxious abstinence from eulogy, have made the account cold and unsympathetic, though withal valuable. Professor Vincent's survey of the condition of Switzerland at the beginning of the sixteenth century is of itself excellent, and the fine press-work and the thirty-three half-tone illustrations add greatly to the pleasure of the reader.

An important aid to the teaching of Psychology.

But

Professor Titchener, the well-known psychologist of Cornell University, has completed the first portions of his laboratory manual on "Experimental Psychology" (Macmillan), and is to be congratulated upon the successful issue of a laborious and none too

exhilarating task. The volumes furnish an additional evidence of the serious purpose and scientific depth of the experimental methods as applied to the problems of psychology, and no less of the close relations between the pursuit of the fundamental mental problems by other and more historic meth. ods. The method is here wisely subordinated to the end, without sacrificing precision, and yet without distorting the essential nature of the subjectmaterial. To the small literature of distinctly pedagogical aids to laboratory psychology, this manual comes as a very weighty contribution and one destined to influence in no slight measure the progress of the teaching of psychology in the universities of the country. Like all such volumes, what is offered will be more available to one instructor than to another; and each must choose and adapt and cut his garment according to his cloth. Yet the advantage of a trustworthy and expert guide in an intricate and somewhat unexplored country is unmistakable, though the ultimate though the ultimate success of the expedition will depend upon the tact and insight and ingenuity of the user of the guide. Professor Titchener offers a guide both for the teacher and the taught. The two volumes are in reality independent works, and the ground covered by the instructor's manual is more extensive and more thoroughly explored than the general outline for the students. The former makes possible the training of advanced students in an apprenticeship to their specialty. Together, the present volumes contain the qualitative parts of the work, and will be followed in good season by a complementary portion treating of the quantitative methods and the problems to which they are applicable. There is much originality in the plan and in the mode of its execution; yet the test of time and experience will be necessary to prove the applicability of these volumes to actual needs. Their scholarship, originality, and grasp of the problems treated is sufficient to bespeak for them a favorable reception among the group of special teachers of psychology for whom they are primarily intended.

New Life of Lord Chatham.

The Life of William Pitt, Lord Chatham, by Mr. Walford Davis Green, appears in the "Heroes of the Nations" series (Putnam). None of the biographies thus far issued in this series (except naturally those of Lincoln, Grant, Lee, and Columbus) should command a keener interest among American readers than this story of the Great Commoner, whose career was so closely connected with the colonial expansion of Great Britain, and "whose name was as beloved in America as it was feared in Europe." Mr. Green's narrative is of course rapid and condensed; but he allows himself considerable detail in recounting the events of the four memorable years from 1757 to 1761, when Pitt's war ministry "raised Great Britain from despondency to the position of first nation in the world," and when "from a condition of lethargy and con

fusion her army and navy had been urged to victory after victory in three continents and on every ocean.' The sub-title "Growth and Division of the British Empire" suggests that later period in Chatham's career when he tried in vain to shape the Government's policy toward its revolting colonies into something like justice and conciliation. No true American can read without emotion, or can ever forget, the burning, passionate words with which he pleaded for fairness toward the kin beyond sea. "Chatham's insight into the American character was the outcome of deep affection and sympathy; to him they were not 'our subjects,' but Englishmen who still loved the tones of that deep chord which Hampden smote, they were cives Romani, men of the true race, of like faith and passions with himself. There,' he wrote of America, there where I had garnered up my heart." Mr. Green's clear and sympathetic narrative admirably supplements the previous Chatham literature which consisted mainly of Francis Thackeray's "History of William Pitt" (1827), Macaulay's famous essay, and the four volumes of Correspondence issued by the executors of the younger Pitt.

For students of Shakespeare and of law.

Lovers of Shakespeare's dramatic writings, and those who delight to trace the history of the struggle over the jurisdiction of equity between the courts of chancery and those of the common law, will read

cance.

with more than usual interest the Hon. Charles E. Phelps's "Falstaff and Equity, an Interpretation" (Houghton). Taking as his text the words used by Falstaff in the second scene of the second act of I. Henry IV., "An the Prince and Poins be not two arrant cowards, there's no equity stirring," Judge Phelps undertakes to explain a joke in a manner which gives it new point and added signifiIn doing this, he is induced to investigate the records at Stratford-on-Avon, and particularly the court records in which the Shakespeares father, mother, and son William-figure prominently; and from them he is able to show, in a convincing manner, some of the crudities of judicial procedure in Shakespeare's time, and out of the experiences of this litigation to account for the remark, "There's no equity stirring," which is put into Falstaff's mouth at an opportune moment, designed doubtless as a "gag," but involving also a nice criticism on the English courts in the administration of justice. The discussion by Judge Phelps is clear and masterful. His argument is original, and shows painstaking investigation and careful research. His contentions are copiously fortified with footnote references which, to students of Shakespeare and of the law, give to the volume before us additional value. An appendix gives the record evidence of the Shakespeare litigation referred to in the text; and reference is also made, chronologically, to the war between the courts. The book is a valuable contribution to the subjects to which it relates.

The "Pickett Papers," made famous • The Diplomacy of the Southern in 1872 by their purchase from the Confederacy. Confederate general of that name for the "Rebel Archives" of the United States, have found a use in addition to their regular service of saving the government money in settling war claims. Dr. James Martin Callahan has made them a basis for a 66 Diplomatic History of the Southern Confederacy" (The Johns Hopkins Press). Being prepared primarily as a course of university lec tures, the matter is tersely written, closely based on original material, and replete with references. The sad chronicle of the high hopes with which the Confederacy entered upon its task of securing the aid of England and France, and the delay and disappointment which it finally met with, is made out in a kindly spirit from the documents and letters. One follows the alternating despair and hope of its representatives abroad, and sees each feeling reflected in the officials at home. "The bane and curse of carrying out anything in this country," writes Thompson of "Northern city-burning" fame, from Canada, "is the surveillance under which we act. Detectives stand at every corner." The author, in the few places in which he allows himself to intrude personal opinion into the mass of evidence, thinks that the common people in England could not be won to support the Confederacy, notwithstanding the cotton famine, because they were irrevocably opposed to slavery; that Davis and the other leaders would have been willing to sacrifice slavery at last to gain England, but it was too late; that Napoleon used duplicity toward the Confederacy's representatives; and that the second election of Lincoln blasted whatever hopes of foreign aid the cause might have previously entertained. In addition to its occupying a new field, this history is a scholarly and trustworthy production.

Stories of the Army and Navy.

Another book by Mr. Cyrus Townsend Brady gives us a sheaf of the author's personal experiences by land and sea, grouped under the title of "Under Tops'ls and Tents" (Scribner). From the Autobiographical Note prefixed to the volume it appears that Mr. Brady has been what may fairly be termed an "all-round man." He has been in the Navy and in the Army; he has been in the "railroad business" and in the Church; he is now "in literature," and there is no telling where he will turn up next. Mr. Brady's pen has been very busy for the past twelvemonth, but there is no sign as yet of flagging forces or a depleted literary exchequer. A fine flow of spirits and a manifest relish of his own good stories is as apparent in his latest book as in his first. Of course we do not mean to say that Mr. Brady is a mere jester, for there is pathos as well as mirth in the best of his stories a reflection of life's April weather. The contents of the present volume are divided under such headings as " Where Admirals Are Made," "Out With the United States Volunteers," and "Stories of Army and Navy Life."

--

Essentially the book is a reflection of the author's experiences as a naval cadet at Annapolis and on the school-ships, and as a chaplain in camp and at the front during the war with Spain. Mr. Brady turns the kaleidoscope of memory with pleasing and often dramatic effect, and his stories are sweetened by the suggestion of the humane and cheery personality behind them.

A picture of Napoleon at St. Helena.

Lord Rosebery's "Napoleon, the Last Phase" (Harper) is a brilliant presentation of the great prisoner in exile. The author spares no pains to get at the facts of those strange years. He takes up the Napoleonic literature which grew out of those last days, and subjects it to the sharpest criticism. The chronicles of Las Cases, O'Meara, Antommarchi, Gourgand, Lady Malcolm, and all the rest of them, are critically examined. In fact, this is one of the great points of the book. After the sources have been thus carefully weighed and the chaff blown out of them, Lord Rosebery gives us a very discriminating estimate of Napoleon in his strange environment on that lone isle. He presents a study of the gradual pining away of the high mental and physical strength of Napoleon, and leaves the facts in such form that every reader can paint his own picture, not only of the external conditions at Longwood, but of what was passing in the mind of the dethroned exile. Lord Rosebery does not spare the petty English governor of the island, nor does he seem to show favoritism toward anything but the truth. In the final summing up of Napoleon and Democracy (p. 237), the author says: "Authoritative democracy, or, in other words, democratic dictatorship, the idea which produced the Second Empire in France, which is still alive there, and which, in various forms, has found favor elsewhere, is the political legacy, perhaps the final message, of Napoleon."

Few books seem destined to greater Greek marbles pictured and usefulness than those composing the interpreted. "Riverside Art Series" (Houghton), and Miss Estelle M. Hurll's "Greek Sculpture, a Collection of Sixteen Pictures of Greek Marbles, with Introduction and Interpretation" has just the felicity of treatment, between erudition and popularity, which has made the other volumes of the series so generally valuable. The statues selected for discussion stand for definite periods in Greek art and its later Roman adaptations, and are illustrated by photographs from sources of undoubted authenticity. Each is interpreted historically, and, so far as possible, by extracts from classical literature - Homer most of all. The interpretations are unforced, reasonable, and convincing, being kept well within the knowledge of the unlearned, and simple enough for children quite unskilled in myth and fable. All the more familiar examples of Greek art are included, with the exception of the Diana of the Louvre, and several not so generally

known. The reasons given for inclusion or exclusion will be found satisfactory in every instance. The little volume concludes with a pronouncing vocabulary, presenting a whole worked out with scholarly thoroughness when the needs of the ordinary reader are taken into proper account.

BRIEFER MENTION.

Numbers 15 to 25, inclusive, of the "Home and School Classics" published by the Messrs. Heath have recently come to hand. They include the regular fortnightly issues to the end of last December, and the first number of the new monthly series begun in March of the present year. Among the titles are the "Comedy of Errors" and the "Winter's Tale," edited by Mrs. Sarah Willard Hiestand, Miss Mulock's "The Lame Little Prince," Miss Martineau's "The Crofton Boys," "The Siege of Leyden," from Motley's "Dutch Republic," and "Tales from Munchausen," edited by the Rev. Edward Everett Hale. This is good literature for children, and is reproduced in so inexpensive a form that it may be readily used in schools.

"The Working Principles of Rhetoric," by Professor John F. Genung, has been published by Messrs. Ginn & Co. It is described as "a restudied and reproportioned treatise " based upon the author's earlier "Practical Elements of Rhetoric." Teachers of the subject who like a book so large that their students can delve into it, rather than attempt to work through it systematically, will be delighted with this book of nearly seven hundred pages, which contains everything that could reasonably be asked for in such a treatise, and which comes with the authority of so veteran a teacher and maker of text-books.

NOTES.

"The Cathedral Church of St. David's," by Mr. Philip A. Robson, is published by the Messrs. Macmillan in "Bell's Cathedral Series."

"Reading: A Manual for Teachers," by Miss Mary E. Laing, is published by Messrs. D. C. Heath & Co. in their "Pedagogical Library."

"Love Poems of Tennyson" is the latest addition to Mr. John Lane's "Lover's Library" of pretty booklets with lilac borders and pale green print.

Irving's "Sketch Book," edited for schools by Miss Mary E. Litchfield, is a publication of Messrs. Ginn & Co., in their series of "Standard English Classics."

Dr. Samuel Garner's "Spanish Grammar," which includes also exercises, selected readings, and a vocabulary, is a recent publication of the American Book Co.

The "Abraham Lincoln" of Mr. Noah Brooks is published in a new edition, as a number of the "Knickerbocker Literature Series," by Messrs. Putnam's Sons. A new edition of Allen and Greenough's "Sallust's Catiline," revised by Messrs. J. B. Greenough and M. G. Daniell, has just been published by Messrs. Ginn.

That important work, "The World's Orators," edited by Dr. Guy Carleton Lee, and published by the Messrs. Putnam, is now completed with the issue of Volumes IX. and X. These volumes are two of the three de

voted to American oratory, and contain examples from the work of twenty-seven eminent speakers. A general index to the work is included in the tenth volume.

"Elementary Questions in Electricity and Magnetism," by Messrs. Magnus Maclean and E. W. Marchant, is a useful manual for teachers just published by Messrs. Longmans, Green, & Co.

"A Text-Book of Astronomy," by Professor George C. Comstock, is an addition to the "Twentieth Century series of Messrs. D. Appleton & Co. The illustrations provided for this work are exceptionally attractive.

Three books of "Chatty Readings in Elementary Science," for very young readers, are published by Messrs. Longmans, Green, & Co. The illustrations are many, and include several full-page plates done in colors.

"The Bench and Bar as Makers of the American Republic" is an address made last Forefathers' Day in New York by Judge W. W. Goodrich. It is now published as a small book by Messrs. E. B. Treat & Co. There are four portraits.

Charles Kingsley's "Perseus" makes a charming gift book for a child in the form just given it by Mr. R. H. Russell. A delicate frontispiece drawing, large type, and neat gray board covers are the distinguishing features of this issue of the familiar juvenile classic.

Mr. R. H. Russell publishes a new edition of Mr. William Young's "Wishmakers' Town," which first appeared in 1885. A letter written many years ago to the author by Mr. R. H. Davis, and a special preface by Mr. T. B. Aldrich are the notable features of this new edition.

Messrs. W. H. Lowdermilk & Co., Washington, publish "The Songs of Alcæus" in an edition prepared by Mr. James S. Easby-Smith. The arrangement is that of Wharton's "Sappho," with text and translation on opposite pages. The work has notes and a rather elaborate introduction.

The Grafton Press is the style of a recently incorporated New York publishing firm formed by a consolidation of the separate businesses of Mr. Robert G. Cooke and Mr. Frederick H. Hitchcock, both of whom have had a long and intimate acquaintance with the details of book production.

A new romance by Mrs. Elia W. Peattie, entitled "The Beleagured Forest," will be issued this month by Messrs. D. Appleton & Co. The work has been described as a consistent study of a woman's inconsistency, sketched against the background of the great pine forests of northern Michigan.

"Logic; or, the Analytic of Explicit Reasoning," by Mr. George H. Smith, is a recent publication of Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons. The special plea of the author is that logic should deal with the matter of thought no less than with the form, and that, thus considered, it is the very foundation of rational education.

"Victoria, Maid-Matron-Monarch," by "Grapho " (J. A. Adams), is a readable sketch, full of anecdote and personal chat, of the late Queen of England. The author's style, if rather slipshod, is lively and graphic, and he has a good notion of the sort of mental pabulum the general reader likes. (Advance Publishing Co., Chicago.)

A complete library edition of the works of William Hazlitt, in twelve volumes, is announced for Fall publication by Messrs. J. M. Dent & Co. of London. The edition will be edited by Mr. Arnold Glover and Mr.