correspondence, and for the advantage of tenant, landlord, corn merchant, mealman, baker, brewer, feeder of cattle, farmer, maltster, buyer and seller of coals, hop merchant, soap merchant, tallow chandler, wood merchant, their customers," &c. But no advertisements proper were mentioned at first; it was a mere bulletin or price-current of the abovenamed trades and of auctions, besides shipping news and the bills of mortality. The first advertisement appeared in the third number, it was a "book-ad," and figured there all by itself; and it was not till the 8th of June that the second advertisement appeared, which assumed the following shape:

FOR the further and better Improvement of Husbandry and Trade and for the Encouragement thereof, especially in Middlesex and the bordering counties, a Person, now at my house in Bartholo mew Lane, does undertake to make or procure made, as good malt of the barley of these counties, and of that Malt as good Ale as is made at Derby, Nottingham, or any other place now famous for that liquor, and that upon such reasonable terms as shall be to general satisfaction, the extraordinary charge not amounting to above one penny per bushel more than that is now; only thus much I must advise, if provision be not made speedily, the opportunity will be lost for the next malting time.

Under the fostering influence of Houghton, who appears to have been keenly aware of the advantage to be derived from this manner of obtaining publicity, advertisements of every kind began gradually to appear, and ere long the booksellers, who for some time had monopolised this paper, were pushed aside by the other trades; and so the attention of the public is by turns directed to blacking balls, tapestry hangings, spectacles, writing ink, coffins, copper and brass work, &c. &c.; and these notices increased so rapidly that, added to No. 52, which appeared on July 28, 1693, there is a half-sheet of advertisements, which is introduced to the public with the following curious notice :

My Collection I shall carry on as usual. This part is to give away, and those who like it not, may omit the reading. I believe it will help

on Trade, particularly encourage the advertisers to increase the vent of my papers. I shall receive all sorts of advertisements, but shall answer for the reasonableness of none, unless I give thereof a particular character on which (as I shall give it) may be dependance, but no argument that others deserve not as well. I am informed that seven or eight thousand gazettes are each time printed, which makes them the most universal Intelligencers; but I'll suppose mine their first handmaid, because it goes (though not so thick yet) to most parts: It's also lasting to be put into Volumes with indexes, and particularly there shall be an index of all the advertisements, whereby, for ages to come, they may be useful.

This first sheet consists solely of advertisements about newly published books, but it concludes:

Whither 'tis worth while to give an account of ships sent in for lading or ships arrived, with the like for coaches and carriers; or to give notice of approaching fairs, and what commodities are chiefly sold there, I must submit to the judgment of those concerned.

The advertisements in Houghton's Collection may appear strange to the reader accustomed to rounded sentences and glowing periods, but in the reign of William III. the general absence of education rendered the social element more unsophisticated in character. In those old days the advertiser and editor of the paper frequently speak in the first person singular; also the advertiser often speaks through the editor. A few specimens taken at random will give the reader a tolerably good idea of the style then prevalent :—

A very eminent brewer, and one I know to be a very honest gentleman, wants an apprentice; I can give an account of him.

I want a house keeper rarely well accomplished for that pur

pose. 'Tis for a suitable gentleman.

I know of valuable estates to be sold.

I want several apprentices for a valuable tradesman.

I can help to ready money for any library great or small or

parcels of pictures or household goods.

- I want a negro man that is a good house carpenter and a good shoemaker.

*** I want a young man about 14 or 15 years old that can trim and look after a peruke. 'Tis to wait on a merchant.

I want a pritty boy to wait on a gentleman who will take care of him and put him out an apprentice.

If any gentleman wants a housekeeper, I believe I can help to the best in England.

Many masters want apprentices and many youths want masters. If they apply themselves to me, I'll strive to help them. Also for variety of valuable services.

By reason of my great corresponding, I may help masters to apprentices and Apprentices to Masters. And now is wanting Three Boys, one with £70, one with £30, and a Scholar with £60.

I know of several curious women that would wait on ladies to

be housekeepers.

Now I want a good usher's place in a Grammar school.

I want a young man that can write and read, mow and roll a garden, use a gun at a deer, and understand country sports, and to wait at table, and such like.

If any young man that plays well on the violin and writes a good hand desires a clerkship, I can help him to £20 a year.

I want a complete young man, that will wear livery, to wait on a very valuable gentleman, but he must know how to play on a violin or a flute.

I want a genteel footman that can play on the violin to wait on a person of honour.

If I can meet with a sober man that has a counter tenor voice, I can help him to a place worth £30 the year or more.

This continual demand for musical servants arose from the fashion of making them take part in musical performances, of which custom we find frequent traces in Pepys. Altogether the most varied accomplishments appear to have been expected from servants; as, for instance,

If any Justice of the Peace wants a clerk, I can help to one that has been so seven years; understands accounts, to be butler, also to receive money. He also can shave and buckle wigs.

The editor frequently gives special testimony as to the respectability of the advertiser:—

- If any one wants a wet nurse, I can help them, as I am informed, to a very good one.

I know a gentlewoman whose family is only her husband herself and maid, and would to keep her company take care of a child,

two or three, of three years old or upwards. She is my good friend, and such a one that whoever put their children to her, I am sure will give me thanks, and think themselves happy, let them be what rank they will.

I have been to Mr Firmin's work house in Little Britain, and seen a great many pieces of what seems to me excellent linen, made by the poor in and about London. He will sell it at reasonable rates, and I believe whatever house keepers go there to buy will not repent, and on Wednesdays and Saturdays in the forenoon he is always there himself.

I have met with a curious gardener that will furnish any body that sends to me for fruit trees, and floreal shrubs, and garden seeds. I have made him promise with all solemnity that whatever he sends shall be purely good, and I verily believe he may be depended on.

One that has waited on a lady divers years, and understands all affairs in housekeeping and the needle, desires some such place. She seems a discreet, staid body.

At other times Houghton recommends "a tidy footman," a "quick, well-looking fellow," or "an extraordinary cook-maid ;" and observes of a certain ladysmaid, who offered her services through his Collection, "and truly she looks and discourses passing well." Occasionally he also guarantees the situation; thus, applying for "a suitable man that can read and write, and will wear a livery," he adds for the information of flunkeys in general: "I believe that 'twill be a very good place, for 'tis to serve a fine gentleman whom I well know, and he will give £5 the year besides a livery." Imagine Jeames of Belgravia being told he should have £5 for his important annual services! Another time "'tis to wait on a very valuable old batchelor gentleman in the City." Again, he recommends a Protestant French gentleman, who is willing to wait on some person of quality, and Houghton adds, "from a valuable divine, my good friend, I have a very good character of him." Of a certain surgeon, whom he advertises, he says, "I have known him, I believe, this twenty years." All these recommendations bear an unmistakable character of truth and honesty on their face, and are

very different from the commendatory paragraphs which nowadays appear in the body of a paper because of long advertisements which are to be found in the outer sheet. Nor is the worthy man ever willing to engage his word further than where he can speak by experience; in other cases, an "I believe," or some such cautious expression, invariably appears. Recommending a hairdresser, he

says

- I know a peruke maker that pretends to make perukes extraordinary fashionable, and will sell good pennyworths; I can direct to him.

And once, when a number of quack advertisements had found their way into the paper, old Houghton, with a sly nod and a merry twinkle in his eye, almost apparent as one reads, drily puts his "index" above them, with the following caution :

:

Pray, mind the preface to this half sheet. Like lawyers, I take all causes. I may fairly; who likes not may stop here.

A tolerably broad hint of his disbelief in the said nostrums and elixirs. Even booksellers had to undergo the test of his ordeal, and having discovered some of their shortcomings, he warned them

**I desire all booksellers to send me no new titles to old books, for they will be rejected.

When a book of the right reverend father in God John Wilkins, late Bishop of Chester, was published, Houghton recommended it in patronising terms

I have read this book, and do think it a piece of great ingenuity, becoming the Bishop of Chester, and is useful for a great many pur poses, both profit and pleasure.

Of another work he says—

With delight have I read over this book, and think it a very good one.